Busami's Animism

Nasroen was the first person to pioneer the study of ethnic philosophy in the 60s through his book Falsafah Minangkabau. The main sources of ethnic philosophy are mythology, legends, folklore, the way an ethnic group builds its houses & holds its ceremonies, the literature they produce, the epics they write, all of which underlie the building of the ethnic philosophy. Talking about human philosophy in the context of the Archipelago also means talking about the ethnic philosophy adopted by all members of a tribe.

One of the famous Sundanese pantuns is lutung kasarung, the poem consists of 1000 lines & comes from the 15th century. The intention is to teach religious beliefs, history, mythology, manners etc. This is in accordance with what is stated in the MPR decree number 2 / MPR / 1983 which states that language must be fostered & developed and used properly and correctly.

However, not all ancestors of tribes in Indonesia passed down their philosophy in the form of books / written, because they did not yet have a script / written language / writing system. Some examples of traditional statues are ancestral statues from Nias Island which have naturalistic characteristics, faces that tend to be square, square noses & ears like paddles. In the Batak area, the most prominent are grave carvings called stone riders, grave monuments depicting figures sitting riding horses, elephants, lions / supernatural forms.

The influence of Chinese culture has received less attention from researchers, because the basic beliefs are probably almost the same as those of indigenous people, namely believing in ancestral spirits, so that it is not very obvious in changes in their social system. For example, to speed up marriage, in the Malay lands a pantun ceremony is held. Initially, this tradition was performed in the upper classes of the Kelantan & Riau Lingga Palaces until the 1700s.

Ruwatan is a spirit exorcism ceremony that applies to the Javanese ethnic group. For example, we know Dewi Sri / the use of Mount Meru. However, wayang wong developed further in the Yogyakarta palace, while bedhaya ketawang developed in the Surakarta palace.

The story of the orang bunian is similar to stories about other spirits in mythology and beliefs in various cultures. It tells the story of an online motorcycle taxi driver who took a woman named Cindy, who claimed to be Risa's crew, to the Subang area. However, it turned out that Cindy had actually died 4 years earlier.

As discovered by archaeologists, the phenomenon of human religiosity has been found since the Neanderthal era. This is based on the records of the I Ching who visited Sriwijaya in 671. In 1078, John Ferguson tried to make a list of impressions, understandings, understandings and experiences of religion individually.

For example, what was done by the Christian community on Samosir Island, near Lake Toba. They usually hold sacred dances and songs of lamentation poetry on Good Friday celebrations. Humans in Latin are called homo, in Greek they are called & anthropos.

Many terms are used to express another central human problem, such as soul & body, spirit and matter, spirituality & physicality, spirituality and materialism. The idea of ​​a perfect human in India also received a lot of attention. Nietzsche called humans ubermensch which is often translated into English superman / overman.

The Busami tribe is an ethnic group that inhabits the northern coast of Irian Jaya & part of the coast of Yapen Island. The south is bordered by the Arafura Sea. Due to its close distance to Australia, there are similarities in the characteristics of dry plains.

The smallest population is in the Kaptel district with 1833 people. The big cities are the ports of Numbay, Sentani, Genyem, Depapre, Demta, Sarmi, Bonggo, Memberamo. The big cities are Manokwari, Bintuni, Babo, Wondama, Wasi, Soron, Raja Ampat, Teminabuan, Inawatan, Ayamaru, Aifat, Aitinyo.

The big cities are Fakfak, Kaimana, Kokonao, Mimika. The big cities are the Bintang mountains, Wamena, Tiom, Kurima, Oksibil, Okbibab. Then a small part is concentrated in the Okaba district village & in a village across the Maro river, Urumb.

In November 1892, the de Zwal ship brought Ternate residents & the prospective head of the Sarira post, namely Van Ahee along with 10 police officers, agricultural employees & Narapina people to Sarira and built a fenced house for shelter. Sociology of religion is not learning religion like we learn religion from mothers & fathers / from mosques and Islamic boarding schools / from churches in Sunday school activities. As a science that was born in the Enlightenment, sociology has a fairly long tradition of skepticism towards religion.

According to him, the initial stage of religion is animism, namely that nature has a soul. Worship of the dead, of ancestors / ancestors. Totemdoes not cause fear / honor, even primitively not inhabited by spirits.

Mannhardt said that the simpler form of mythology is the rites & beliefs of farmers such as plant ghosts, wheat spirits and trees. Religion strongly believes in the existence of God, moral laws & eternal spirits. EB Tylor said that the oldest form of religion is the worship of spirits which are personifications of the souls of people who have died, especially ancestors.

Humans began to be aware of the concept of spirits. According to Tylor, the origin of religion is human awareness of the concept of spirits. Since the beginning of its existence on earth, humans have developed religion because of the vibration of the soul, namely a religious emotion, which arises in their souls because of emotions towards their religion, & not because in their minds humans imagine the existence of an abstract spirit, in the form of a force that causes life and movement in this universe.

According to primitive beliefs, they believe in the existence of ancestral spirits. Worship turned into ancestor worship until finally there was a cult of heroes & Gods - Goddesses. Animism comes from the word anima which means breath / soul.

According to EB Tylor, animism is the oldest form of religion. RR Marret said that animism is not an early stage of a religion, but rather pre-animism. Traces of monotheism are religious concepts that precede fetekheism, animism, dynamism, polytheism, totemism, henotheism can be traced in ancient civilizations of tribes, such as the Maya in Central America believe in 1 God who created everything, which they call Itzamna, the Mende in Sierra Leone, West Africa, believe in 1 God who created the universe & spirits, called Ngewo, in ancient Babylon the main god of the city's inhabitants, Marduk, is seen as the Almighty God. Terms that often appear in religion are God, Gods, Goddesses, angels, spirits, genies, devils, demons, ghosts, fairies, giants, specters, souls, dead people, shamanism, monotheism, polytheism, atheism, trance, possession, revelation, priests, teachers, prophets, preachers, shamans, sorcerers, intuition, omens, prophecies, animism, totemism, meditation, fasting, mana, taboo, sacred, unclean, holy, worldly etc. Schmidt's thesis has destroyed Herbert Spencer's argument that primitive peoples began by worshiping their ancestors & that as civilization developed, ancestors were of course arranged into a hierarchy & the hierarchy in turn produced ranks & the highest rank became God. Schmidt further accused Herbert Spencer of being the person most responsible for the first interpretation of religious evolution, considering that he preceded Darwin by 7 years, as shown by his article, The Development Hypothesis, which appeared in the Leader dated 20 - 3 - 1852.

Anim is the plural form of anem which means people. Although there is no literature that mentions the meaning of the word Marind, one of the Marind Anim figures stated that Marind is a word to identify the physical description of the ancestors of the Marind people. The ancestors of the Marind people are identified as having tall bodies, even taller than the missionaries who are white people.

In addition to height, the Marind Anim generation still inherits the genetics of speed & strength of their ancestors. Literally samb means big / great, while anem means human. When these two words are combined, they mean great human.

The Marind tribe passes on its philosophy through the media of speech, stories, and mythology which are told to its tribe members. Geb & Sami themselves are the children of the marriage between dema Nubog & Dinadin. Both were born from the marriage between Dema Nubog & Dinadin.

The ancestral figures were then associated with natural phenomena & its parts. They also spread to the interior & the coast in the east apparently Mauri did not last long because of that he returned but finally stranded to the southeast and this is the ancestor of the Maori tribe in New Zealand. Geb & MarindAnim remained and became ancestors. The first & imperfect fish is believed to be the ancestor of the Marind people while from the other hole, where the other fish emerged, it is believed to be a perfect human and is the ancestor of another tribe.

He is the ancestor of the white man. Dema by the Marind people is not interpreted as a God because it is a prehistoric experience that is spiritual. According to Van Ball dema are beings who live in mythical times, usually take the form of humans, sometimes also in the form of animals that become the ancestors of clans & subclans, associated with totems and often also the creators of totems.

Both Van Ball and Jan Boelaars agree that dema is a mystical figure who is the ancestor of the Marind tribe & the origin of the clan. However, the debate is rolling between them regarding the origin of dema as the ancestor of the Marind tribe. The two pairs of dema arelah Gebze & Aramemb and Mahuze & Bragaize.

Ezam means husband & uzum means wife. The Marind people's belief in dema is manifested in the arrangement of this world which is expressed in mythology, ceremonies & in the practice of magic. In this process, the Marind people must follow the rules that have been outlined by dema & do what their ancestors did.

In Gotad they are taught how to fight, farm, hunt, know land boundaries & ownership, customary law, beliefs, forest guarding, traditional structures, respecting ancestors. At certain times the people of one area invade another area to behead humans to be used as amulets / tools of animist beliefs. While they themselves will enter the land & their souls will go to the spirit world.

Before heiz leaves, the spirit usually lives around the family's residence. The spirit world according to Marind people's beliefs is in Kondo. The mayo ceremony which used to take place in Buti has moved to the Kaliki area.

The purpose of the initiation is to honor the ancestors so that their lives can run well & official recognition as indigenous children. The painting was also found on the Kai, Tanimbar, Babar, Leti & Seram islands. The meaning / intention of making the painting is interpreted as related to mourning, ancestral spirits / supernatural spirits.

The cultural manifesto movement aimed at fighting the imposition of communist ideology made painters in the 1950s prefer to free their artwork from certain political interests, until the expressionism era began. Statues in prehistoric times generally symbolize fertility, ancestors / founders of the Kingdom. While in Papua, the Asmat tribe produces statues of ancestral figures & placed in traditional houses called mbis pillars.

Forms of performing arts in prehistoric times are still widely found in remote inland areas that are colored by animist beliefs. The remains of performances that smell of animism, ancestor worship & totem animals, can still be found in Papua, the interior of Kalimantan, Sumatra, Sulawesi, several areas in Bali called Bali Aga / Bali Mula, such as Trunyan & Tenganan, and in Java. Humans are not spirits, but they are spiritual beings with all their typical spiritual activities.

The market days are legi, paing, pon, wage & kliwon. The ceremony of exorcism can be done by holding a shadow puppet with the theme of murwakala. The puppet characters chosen are usually the sons & daughters of Arjuna / Bima, for example Wisanggeni.

They invite ancestral spirits as guests, ask for their protection & enjoy the feast together. The party is held underground in the Sangase area. The shamans invite the spirits of the ancestors to join the living.

At the end of the ceremony, they ask for blessings from the ancestral spirits to be given ease in hunting in the middle of the forest. Because they believe that their success in hunting is determined by the generosity of these spirits. Stories of supernatural beings with names / titles such as spirits / spirits, ghosts, kuntilanak, tuyul & the like are folk tales that exist in almost every culture.

Then followed by Catholicism 88,989, Christianity 37,125, Hinduism 548, Buddhism 203 & Confucianism 21. From this trade contact, the Hindu community was built in the 8th - 9th centuries. The ceremony includes Dewa Yadnya for the Almighty, Gods & Goddesses, bhuta yadnya for supernatural spirits of demons, pitra yadnya for the dead / ancestors, manusa yadnya for the living, rsi yadnya for priests / ordination.

Now, the name that is often used is Hindu Dharma. There are 2 main schools of thought that developed in Buddhism, namely theravada & mahayana. Buddhism developed the teachings of tantra.

However, after the two great kingdoms collapsed, the influence of Buddhism disappeared. In its development, Buddhists established sangga / organizations of monks. The sense of superiority that infiltrated the teachings of the church priests is clearly visible in the writings of the Middle Ages.

Therefore it was their human duty to civilize a people who were only slightly different from animals, namely by bringing examples of European culture to them. Although the majority of Marind Anim people are now Catholic and Protestant, beliefs in the supernatural world, spirits, dema and black magic still exist today.