Religion Realm

The Biak tribe is an ethnic group originating from the Biak Islands in Cenderawasih Bay, just off the north coast of Papua Island. Some also call it Numfor, Mafor, Wiak / Vyak. Just like the abilities of the Bugis tribe, they explore the oceans from the Maluku Islands, Sulawesi, Java, to the Malacca Peninsula. They sell various commodities to several Yapen Waropen island clusters, Wondama & Dore bays, Manokwari, Amberbaken, and extend to various waters of the archipelago. The sun shines hot throughout the year with the highest average intensity of radiation in June. The south & southeast / east are bordered by Sarae sub-district which is the city center area with market facilities and other trade bordered by the Bagareso river. There are 4 small bays that have long been a stopover for fishing boats & traders since ancient times, namely So Nggela, Toro Londe, Bonto and Kolo bays. The word tolo Bali means to reject back. It is called the Sora village, because the word sora me...

North Maluku has 37 languages, including Vedic. Vedic religion refers to the ideology and religious practices of the Indo-Aryan language group in ancient India after 1500 BC. The Indo-Aryan language is a branch of the Indo-European language group, which was born from the Sintashta culture and continued to develop until it finally became the Andronovo culture, and is believed to have originated from the Kurgan culture that grew from the Central Asian steppes. The early Vedic period is most often proposed to have begun in the 2nd millennium BC and is believed to have ended in 500 BC. The period between 800 and 200 BC was the formative period for Hinduism, Jainism, and Buddhism. Adi Shankara, an 8th-century AD philosopher who unified the mainstream thought of Hinduism, interpreted the Vedas as non-dualist / single. The word Brahmanism was coined by Gonçalo Fernandes Trancoso in the 16th century & is related to the metaphysical concept of Brahman, which developed from post-Vedic ideas ...

In traditional societies, life cycle rituals are usually aimed at ancestors/prayer ceremonies & belief in the existence of ancestors and rituals, and have traditions that are still strong today. Therefore, the pomaloana mate tradition in the Kadolokatapi sub-district still needs to be developed & maintained by the community. The creation of meaning is inseparable from the results of thoughts, experiences & beliefs carried out by previous ancestors. The 3-day Thanksgiving ceremony means paying homage to the deceased spirit. The seventh-day thanksgiving ceremony means paying homage to the spirit that is starting to leave the house. The 40-day thanksgiving ceremony is intended to pay homage to the spirit that has started to leave the yard. The spirit has started to move towards the grave. The 100-day ceremony is to pay homage to the spirit that is already in the grave. The Buton community, before converting to Islam, adhered to animism & dynamism. They were also influenced...

The Manusela/Wahai tribe has a population of over 10,100 people centered in the Manusela mountains of North Seram, Maluku, Indonesia. The Naurus are a combination of Hinduism & animism, but in recent years, they have adopted some Protestant principles. Initially, the Naurus beliefs were close to animism. Not much is known about their religion, but it probably included the worship of Hindu and animist Gods, with influences from Mindanao during the early period.

The customary provisions inherited from their ancestors are the law of larvul ngabal. Temporary research results show that it is believed that the ancestors of the Kei tribe came from the village of Pedawa. Currently, most Kei people have embraced religions such as Islam / Christianity, even the Tanimbar Kei people who inhabit the island of Tanimbar Kei are mostly Hindu, just like their ancestors who came from Bali. However, some still believe in concepts such as spirits & magical powers according to the religion of their ancestors. Spirits are considered to be able to bring happiness & also misery. This indigenous community has a traditional belief system known as mitu whose teachings strengthen animist beliefs, the social structure of the Tanimbarkei community is now formed from 2 ohoi with a level of plurality that is spread across different regions.

The Nuaulu tribe who live in 10 villages in the northwest of Manusela have a language similar to Manusela & have a population of 400. The smallest kinship unit is the ancestral tate which contains people who have 1 ancestor, then the family which includes the nuclear family with relatives, both from the father's and mother's side. Relationships between members of society are regulated by traditional behavioral norms called adat, which originate from ancestral customs. The Ambon tribe divides its history into 6 important eras, from the time of the ancestors, continued by the Portuguese, vlaming, pattimura, the company, to the republic era. However, the Yale ship soon ran aground in Nunusaku & became the ancestor of the Ambon tribe, while the Nibela ship continued to sail and its crew became the ancestors of Europeans. The three doves on the banyan tree branch of Nunusaku are often considered to represent Shem, Ham & Japhet, the ancestors of humans. Until now, several...

Although the rituals created ties between villages, there was great diversity in dialects, social hierarchies, and ritual practices in the highlands of Sulawesi. The event was documented by National Geographic and broadcast in several European countries. Western tourists were encouraged to visit the Stone Age villages and ancient burial grounds. Schools were established and teachers were brought in from Sangihe Talaud and Ambon. In 1970, Aluk Todolo was protected by the state and officially categorized as Hindu, often referred to as Hindu Alukta. This migration occurred until 1985. The Indonesian government has recognized Aluk To Dolo / Hindu Alukta as part of Hinduism in Indonesia. They still adhere to animism and have not been touched by the outside world. Relationships between families are expressed through blood, marriage, and sharing ancestral homes, practically marked by the exchange of buffalo and pigs in rituals. Rituals related to the tongkonan are very important in the spirit...

Several fragment artifacts were found in the Walanae and Maros river valleys, which are estimated to date from between 40,000 and 19,000 BC. The skeletons are estimated to be more than 7200 years old. These Austronesian people later mixed with the Indigenous population and became the direct ancestors of the tribes in South Sulawesi, including the Bugis tribe. The ancestral land of the Bugis tribe is located around Lake Tempe and Sidenreng in the Walannae depression on the southwest peninsula of Sulawesi. This is where the ancestors of the current Bugis tribe settled, possibly in the mid-to-late second millennium BC. Estimated to date between 4000 and 2000 BC, these seeds are likely related to the arrival of their Austronesian ancestors in the region / among the earlier Toalean hunter-gatherer society. There are many respected shipbuilding centers in the region, including Ara, the land of Lemo & Bira. Writing in the lontara script probably first appeared around 1400. In the 14th cen...

Most of the population inhabiting the province of Southeast Sulawesi are local Indigenous tribes, including the Wolio tribe. Before converting to Islam, the Buton people believed in animism and dynamism. They were also influenced by Hindu-Buddhist beliefs. However, the older generation still believes in supernatural things brought by their ancestors. This food is usually present during Eid al-Fitr and Adha. This tradition is carried out in the month of Syawal. This tradition begins with tarawih prayers at exactly 24.00, then continues with qunut prayers, and closes with sahur together.

Most of the population inhabiting the province of Southeast Sulawesi are local indigenous tribes, including the Banggai tribe. The activities still found today are hunting, especially in the Peleng Island area in the interior. While to get to their place it takes 4 days of land travel, traveling 80 - 100 km. They still adhere to animism and believe in the power of spirits & other inanimate objects. Not just worshiping ancestral spirits that cannot guarantee their lives in the afterlife. Christianity was first spread by missionaries from the Netherlands, namely AC Cruyt & Adrian in the Poso area and the southern part of Donggala. While Hinduism & Buddhism were brought by transmigrants from Bali and West Indonesia. Before this alian ideology, the Sampekonan community adhered to animism, dynamism & mysticism, until the entry of Haji Ali Taetang to Sampekonan. Still, Ali Taetang brought the alian ideology as a new stream of Islam. Before the new name was announced as Zikrul...

In 1275, 1 Kertanagara army departed from the port of Tuban. In 1286, Kertanagara ordered the transport of a collection of works obtained by people in the Jambi area to Melayu. Kertanagara's intention was clear: to establish 1 Javanese Kingdom in Central Sumatra, which would become the center of Javanese culture on the island. In the northern part of the Malacca peninsula, the newly established Siamese Kingdom had captured part of the Sriwijaya area. In Aceh, new kingdoms had also begun to emerge, for example, the Perlak Kingdom and the Samudra Pasai Sultanate. The first Sipanjonga group, with Sijawangkati as the head, made the first landing in Kalaupa, a coastal area of the King of Tobo—Tobo, while Simalui and Sitamanajo landed in Walalogusi. At the time of the first landing, Sipanjonga raised the flag of his Kingdom in a place not far from Kalampa, a sign of his greatness. This hill was later famous as Lelemangura. With the existence of the Sijawangkai Dungkusangia peace, the Tob...

Talang Mamak comes from the word talang, which means field & also mamak which means mother. In addition to Talang Mamak, this tribe has other names, such as the Anak Dalam & Langkah Lama tribes. Like the Sakai tribe, Talang Mamak is said to come from Pagaruyung who moved & lived in Indragiri. This is written in Old Malay, possibly the ancestor of the current Malay language & its variants. Animism believes every object has a soul that must be respected to not disturb humans. Animism is 1 belief that exists among people who still practice a simple life. According to EB Taylor, animism comes from Latin, namely, anima which means belief in spirits that first grew in the minds of primitive humans. Animism believes that every object on this earth has a soul that must be respected so that the spirit does not disturb humans, but instead helps them from evil spirits & spirits and also in their daily lives. There is nothing special in this era except their primitive beliefs a...

Indonesia is an archipelago with diverse customs, cultures, languages ​​& ethnic groups. While the Dayak tribe of the Lawangan group who speak the East Barito language and inhabit the northern region of the Meratus mountains speak the Dayak Maanyan Warukin language, Dayak Dusun Halong, Dayak Samihin, Dayak Deah / Dusun Deyah, Dayak Lawangan & Dayak Abal. Lawangan means an open gate.  The word comes from the word hole, which indicates that the ancestors of the Dayak Lawangan people used to live in a cave at the foot of a mountain called Mount Luang. This suggests that the ancestors of the Lawangan people used to live in a cave at the foot of a mountain called Mount Luang. This name was used in the 13th century during the Hindu Kingdom.  According to the Dayak Ngaju people, Kaharingan existed for thousands of years before the arrival of major religions such as Hinduism, Buddhism, Islam & Christianity. Kabaringan people believe the natural surroundings are alive and f...

M Nasroen was the first person to pioneer the study of ethnic philosophy in the 60s through his book Falsafah Minangkabau. Then Sunoto conducted a survey of Javanese ethnic philosophy. The main sources of ethnic philosophy are mythology, legends, folklore, the way an ethnic group builds its houses & holds its ceremonies, the literature they produce, and the epics they write, all of which underlie the building of the ethnic philosophy. Talking about human philosophy in the context of the Archipelago also means talking about the ethnic philosophy embraced by all members of a tribe. However, not all ancestors of tribes in Indonesia passed down their philosophy in the form of books or writing because they did not yet have a script / written language/writing system. The Berawa tribe passed down its philosophy through spoken media, stories, and mythology, which was told to its tribe members. This study aims to obtain answers to the formulation of the problem proposed above, with the hope...

The Paser / Dayak Paser tribe is an ethnic group whose ancestral homeland is along the southeast of the island of Kalimantan / Borneo / located in the southern part of East Kalimantan, Indonesia. The Paser tribe has an ancient civilization, even in the mythological story the Paser tribe is one of the oldest ethnic groups on the island of Kalimantan / Borneo & they call the bansu tatau datai danum civilization which means humans who live on the coast, rivers and lakes from the bansu tatau datai danum civilization. Petong after marrying Abu Mansyur Indra Jaya, Princess Petong gave birth to her first child, Aji Mas Nata Pangeran Berlindung bin Abu Mansyur Indra Jaya a year later. The son of the young king Aji Pangeran Tumenggung Bayabaya was then inaugurated as King Kutai Kartanegara V replacing King Kutai Kertanegara IV Aji Raja Mandarsyah. At that time the palace of the Banjar Sultanate had been moved from Pemakuan to the Batang Banyu area because previously in 1612 the Kuin Palace ...

There is a version that states that the term Dayak is not a tribal name in the past because the term Dayak is a name given by the Dutch which was used by the Dutch colonialists to insult the community. So the term Dayak itself does not actually come from the ancestors of the Kalimantan people themselves. There is an oral tradition in each Kutai community family that says that their ancestors came from China, similar to the oral tradition of the Dayak Kenyah community. After the influx of people from Yunnan, there was a mixing of people due to marriage. However, then they were called haloq by the Dayak tribe / native tribe of Tanah Kutai because they came out of the customs / culture / beliefs of their ancestors. That is why the native Kutai tribe will call the Dayak tribe with the term densanak tuha which means older brother because they are still 1 ancestor. They inhabit the Sangkulirang sub-district. The history of this tribe began with Puncan Karna, the youngest son of Aji Tulur Jej...

The concentration of settlements of the Rongga tribe, generally living in East Flores & East Manggarai districts. The belief system during the Perundagian period still continued the previous period, namely animism & dynamism. The discovery of prehistoric sites proves that the ancestors of Indonesian people have long believed in animist beliefs, namely the worship of spirits in certain objects other than living creatures. In the archipelago, before the arrival of religion from the outside, the people still adhered to old beliefs, namely animism & dynamism. Animism is the belief that everything on earth, both living and dead, has a spirit and must be respected so that it does not disturb humans. Evidence of animism & dynamism beliefs can be seen from the remains of local cultural beliefs of people who believe in the worship of ancestral spirits and supernatural objects. Buildings left by adherents of animism & dynamism are often referred to as original buildings of pa...

This province consists of several islands, including the island of Timor. In Ainaro district, there are Mount Tatamailau & Usululi. Members of parliament are elected for a term of 5 years. After the Carnation Revolution, the Portuguese colonial government granted concessions to the Oceanic Exploration Corporation for development & exploitation. However, this failed to happen due to the Seroja operation in 1976. In 1990 it was known that the population was around 3000 people. In November 2007, there were 11 sub-districts where food needs had to be supplied by international aid. A French anthropologist named Brigitte Clamagirand once lived in a Marobo tribe settlement. Most Timorese also retain some traditional animist beliefs & customs from pre-colonial times. Timor Leste's traditional beliefs have certain elements of animism. Usually, they say that maromak comes first & then matebian, spirits of ancestors and relatives who have died / klamar. The souls of the ancest...

In a discussion about Lamaholot culture held by the Lamaholot community in Kupang recently, there was an answer from the resource person to a question from the discussion participants that made a deep impression on us. The story is about a boy who catches bass in a lake in a New Hampshire town. The 11-year-old boy managed to catch a large bass at exactly 10pm, 2 hours before the bass fishing season started. This province consists of several islands, including Solor Island. Lamaholot is an ethnic group that inhabits the East Flores & Lembata districts in East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia. They also live side by side with other ethnic groups, such as the Kedang & Sikka tribes, as well as migrant communities such as the Bugis, Makassar, Buton & Bajo. About the origin of the Lamaholot people, there is an oral history that says that they came from Keroko Pukeng / Lepan Batang, a small island to the north of Pantar Island which is now included in the Alor district. Meanwhile, the ori...

Like people in other areas, some Sumbawa people still adhere to animism & some adhere to Hinduism. Before Islam came to Sumbawa, the people on the island first adhered to an animism & dynamism belief system, namely belief in the spirits of ancestors who had died. However, after Islamic teachings entered Sumbawa, the animist belief system & Hindu-Buddhist beliefs slowly began to disappear. Apart from Sunan Prapen, Sunan Giri also sent one of his students named Sheikh Zainal Abidin, son of Kolono Marhum, the first King of Ternate to convert to Islam. After Kolono Marhum died in 1486, his position was replaced by his son, Sultan Zainal Abidin. It was only during the reign of the last King of the Awan Kuning dynasty, namely Dewa Maja Purwa, that records were found about the activities of the Kingdom's government, including that Dewa Maja Purwa had signed an agreement with the Kingdom of Gowa in Sulawesi. 1637 Mas Goa was succeeded by his sister's son, Mas Bantan. After ...