Religion Realm

Indonesia is an archipelago with diverse customs, cultures, languages ​​& ethnic groups. While the Dayak tribe of the Lawangan group who speak the East Barito language and inhabit the northern region of the Meratus mountains speak the Dayak Maanyan Warukin language, Dayak Dusun Halong, Dayak Samihin, Dayak Deah / Dusun Deyah, Dayak Lawangan & Dayak Abal. Lawangan means an open gate.  The word comes from the word hole, which indicates that the ancestors of the Dayak Lawangan people used to live in a cave at the foot of a mountain called Mount Luang. This suggests that the ancestors of the Lawangan people used to live in a cave at the foot of a mountain called Mount Luang. This name was used in the 13th century during the Hindu Kingdom.  According to the Dayak Ngaju people, Kaharingan existed for thousands of years before the arrival of major religions such as Hinduism, Buddhism, Islam & Christianity. Kabaringan people believe the natural surroundings are alive and full of sp

M Nasroen was the first person to pioneer the study of ethnic philosophy in the 60s through his book Falsafah Minangkabau. Then Sunoto conducted a survey of Javanese ethnic philosophy. The main sources of ethnic philosophy are mythology, legends, folklore, the way an ethnic group builds its houses & holds its ceremonies, the literature they produce, and the epics they write, all of which underlie the building of the ethnic philosophy. Talking about human philosophy in the context of the Archipelago also means talking about the ethnic philosophy embraced by all members of a tribe. However, not all ancestors of tribes in Indonesia passed down their philosophy in the form of books or writing because they did not yet have a script / written language/writing system. The Berawa tribe passed down its philosophy through spoken media, stories, and mythology, which was told to its tribe members. This study aims to obtain answers to the formulation of the problem proposed above, with the hope

The Paser / Dayak Paser tribe is an ethnic group whose ancestral homeland is along the southeast of the island of Kalimantan / Borneo / located in the southern part of East Kalimantan, Indonesia. The Paser tribe has an ancient civilization, even in the mythological story the Paser tribe is one of the oldest ethnic groups on the island of Kalimantan / Borneo & they call the bansu tatau datai danum civilization which means humans who live on the coast, rivers and lakes from the bansu tatau datai danum civilization. Petong after marrying Abu Mansyur Indra Jaya, Princess Petong gave birth to her first child, Aji Mas Nata Pangeran Berlindung bin Abu Mansyur Indra Jaya a year later. The son of the young king Aji Pangeran Tumenggung Bayabaya was then inaugurated as King Kutai Kartanegara V replacing King Kutai Kertanegara IV Aji Raja Mandarsyah. At that time the palace of the Banjar Sultanate had been moved from Pemakuan to the Batang Banyu area because previously in 1612 the Kuin Palace

There is a version that states that the term Dayak is not a tribal name in the past because the term Dayak is a name given by the Dutch which was used by the Dutch colonialists to insult the community. So the term Dayak itself does not actually come from the ancestors of the Kalimantan people themselves. There is an oral tradition in each Kutai community family that says that their ancestors came from China, similar to the oral tradition of the Dayak Kenyah community. After the influx of people from Yunnan, there was a mixing of people due to marriage. However, then they were called haloq by the Dayak tribe / native tribe of Tanah Kutai because they came out of the customs / culture / beliefs of their ancestors. That is why the native Kutai tribe will call the Dayak tribe with the term densanak tuha which means older brother because they are still 1 ancestor. They inhabit the Sangkulirang sub-district. The history of this tribe began with Puncan Karna, the youngest son of Aji Tulur Jej

The concentration of settlements of the Rongga tribe, generally living in East Flores & East Manggarai districts. The belief system during the Perundagian period still continued the previous period, namely animism & dynamism. The discovery of prehistoric sites proves that the ancestors of Indonesian people have long believed in animist beliefs, namely the worship of spirits in certain objects other than living creatures. In the archipelago, before the arrival of religion from the outside, the people still adhered to old beliefs, namely animism & dynamism. Animism is the belief that everything on earth, both living and dead, has a spirit and must be respected so that it does not disturb humans. Evidence of animism & dynamism beliefs can be seen from the remains of local cultural beliefs of people who believe in the worship of ancestral spirits and supernatural objects. Buildings left by adherents of animism & dynamism are often referred to as original buildings of pa

This province consists of several islands, including the island of Timor. In Ainaro district, there are Mount Tatamailau & Usululi. Members of parliament are elected for a term of 5 years. After the Carnation Revolution, the Portuguese colonial government granted concessions to the Oceanic Exploration Corporation for development & exploitation. However, this failed to happen due to the Seroja operation in 1976. In 1990 it was known that the population was around 3000 people. In November 2007, there were 11 sub-districts where food needs had to be supplied by international aid. A French anthropologist named Brigitte Clamagirand once lived in a Marobo tribe settlement. Most Timorese also retain some traditional animist beliefs & customs from pre-colonial times. Timor Leste's traditional beliefs have certain elements of animism. Usually, they say that maromak comes first & then matebian, spirits of ancestors and relatives who have died / klamar. The souls of the ancest

In a discussion about Lamaholot culture held by the Lamaholot community in Kupang recently, there was an answer from the resource person to a question from the discussion participants that made a deep impression on us. The story is about a boy who catches bass in a lake in a New Hampshire town. The 11-year-old boy managed to catch a large bass at exactly 10pm, 2 hours before the bass fishing season started. This province consists of several islands, including Solor Island. Lamaholot is an ethnic group that inhabits the East Flores & Lembata districts in East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia. They also live side by side with other ethnic groups, such as the Kedang & Sikka tribes, as well as migrant communities such as the Bugis, Makassar, Buton & Bajo. About the origin of the Lamaholot people, there is an oral history that says that they came from Keroko Pukeng / Lepan Batang, a small island to the north of Pantar Island which is now included in the Alor district. Meanwhile, the ori

Like people in other areas, some Sumbawa people still adhere to animism & some adhere to Hinduism. Before Islam came to Sumbawa, the people on the island first adhered to an animism & dynamism belief system, namely belief in the spirits of ancestors who had died. However, after Islamic teachings entered Sumbawa, the animist belief system & Hindu-Buddhist beliefs slowly began to disappear. Apart from Sunan Prapen, Sunan Giri also sent one of his students named Sheikh Zainal Abidin, son of Kolono Marhum, the first King of Ternate to convert to Islam. After Kolono Marhum died in 1486, his position was replaced by his son, Sultan Zainal Abidin. It was only during the reign of the last King of the Awan Kuning dynasty, namely Dewa Maja Purwa, that records were found about the activities of the Kingdom's government, including that Dewa Maja Purwa had signed an agreement with the Kingdom of Gowa in Sulawesi. 1637 Mas Goa was succeeded by his sister's son, Mas Bantan. After

The province of East Java borders the Java Sea to the north, the Bali Strait to the east, the Indian Ocean to the south, and the province of Central Java to the west. According to a linguistics expert from Udayana University, Prof. Dr. I Wayan Jendra, SU. Before the arrival of Hinduism & Buddhism, the indigenous people of the archipelago practiced various types of animism. Even though some families come from Majapahit, they are a minority, and they have full control over all matters of state life, including bringing Hinduism. People accepted it & combined it with the pre-Hindu mythology they believed in. The theological basis of Balinese Hinduism comes from Indian philosophy while animist beliefs are the basis of various rituals. It is thought that the previously existing animist beliefs were mixed with Hinduism and produced a new type of fusion of Hinduism which contained unique characteristics and therefore made it different from Hinduism in India. Hinduism became mixed with

In several Tapal Kuda areas, the Pendalungan tribe is the majority in the area. As an illustration, in the Ambulu & Wuluhan areas. In the middle of the horseshoe area, there are the famous Ijen mountains, with the highest peak, Mount Raung. Several rivers, such as Kalisat & Selanting, also cross this area. Horseshoe Plantation is managed by national companies such as PTP Nusantara, Tarutama Nusantara & also regional companies such as PDP. The Pendalungan tribe who inhabit this area is a sub-ethnicity of the Madurese tribe which was born as a result of mixing with the Javanese tribe. In Indonesia, the art of dance has existed since prehistoric times, even up to the struggle. During the Hindu kingdom, the art of dance received a lot of influence from Indian culture. The art in the Jember district, which includes Tapal Kuda, is rare outside the Jember area, namely the art of can macanan kadduk. This art is passed down from generation to generation by ancestors. This belief is

Before the adoption of Hinduism, Buddhism, Confucianism, and Islam in general, the indigenous people of the archipelago believed in invisible spiritual power entities which could be in the form of good or bad energy. Ancient indigenous people also believed that deceased ancestors did not really disappear from the world, but rather that ancestral spirits could metamorphose & gain spiritual powers like Gods and remain involved in the worldly affairs of their descendants. That is why worship & reverence to honor ancestors is an important element in the belief system of indigenous ethnic groups in Indonesia, including the Kangean tribe. Not a few people on Kangean Island today still believe in the teachings of their ancestors. The Kangean community, who are fanatical about the teachings of their ancestors, causes obstacles in Muhammadiyah's preaching. According to various references, it is recorded that Muhammadiyah was founded by KH Ahmad Dahlan on 8 Dzulhijjah 1330 H, which c

Before Islam came to Indonesia, especially on the island of Java, the Indonesian people already knew & practiced a belief, namely the worship of ancestral spirits. This civilization was rooted in its own cultural sources & then the influence of Hindu Buddhist culture was absorbed into it. Then in the 8th – 10th century AD, there was the Mataram Kingdom with its temples in Dieng, Borobudur, Mendut, Prambanan, etc. Traditional symbols were originally the cultural heritage of Hinduism & Buddhism which contain mystical meanings and interpretations as belief rites deeply rooted in the teachings of animism & dynamism. After the 10th century AD, changes in cultural symbols from traditions inherited from the Hindu Buddhist tradition underwent changes & shifted to traditional symbols with the aroma and color of Islamic teachings. The cultural richness found in Madura is built from various cultural elements including the influence of animism, Hinduism & Islam. The arrival

The original religion of the Tengger people was a mixture of Majapahit-era Hindu-Buddhist religion with some elements of ancestor worship, different from the Hindu Dharma religion of Bali. What is clear is that the ancestors of the Tengger tribe were recognized as fleeing the Majapahit Kingdom which collapsed after being attacked by Demak. The philosophical & ritualistic traditions of Tengger's ancestors do have differences from mainstream Buddhism in general. Until the 90s, guidance was carried out by the government & authorized institutions, so mainstream Buddhist traditions merged with Tengger's ancestral teachings. The villagers then embraced Buddhism. Mistono, Head of the Paramita Ngadas Vihara, explained that the existence of Buddhists can be traced back to the founding of Ngadas village in 1774 by a group of Buddhist ancestors. According to him, the teachings of these ancestors, even though they are labeled Buddha, are more traditional in nature, and have been pr

The Osing tribe / usually pronounced Javanese Osing are native residents of Banyuwangi / also known as Laros / Wong Blambangan are the majority population in several sub-districts in Banyuwangi Regency. There is also a small group in Srono, Cluring, Gambiran & Genteng Districts. Of the various sub-districts, the sub-district where the population still strongly adheres to distinctive customs & culture as one tribe is Kemiren village in the Glagah sub-district. They speak Osing with each other, whereas in public domains such as government, education, counseling, politics, etc., Indonesian is used more dominantly as a means of communication. They are descendants of the Majapahit Kingdom who believe in Hinduism & Buddhism. During the Dutch colonial period, they displayed their tenacity against VOC domination. The Osing people have a puputan tradition, just like the Balinese people. This tradition sparked a major war called Puputan Bayu in 1771 AD. Now most of the people are Mus

Like most other Indonesian ethnic groups, including the Sundanese, the Javanese are an Austronesian people whose ancestors are thought to have come from Taiwan & migrated through the Philippines to reach the island of Java between 1500 - 1000 BC. Apart from Austronesian influences, there are also influences from Islam, India, and the Western world in their lives. In 774 the tribe launched an attack on Po Nagar in Nhatrang where pirates destroyed the temple, while in 787 an attack was launched on Phangrang. This expansionist tribe launched several large expeditions to Madura, Bali in 1284, and Kalimantan & the most important expedition to Sumatra in 1275. From other authors' notes, it can be seen that some went to the Maldives, Calicut, Oman, Aden & the Sea. Red. The Javanese imported labor in the form of black people from Jenggi, Pujut & Bondan. This is shown by the presence of outriggers & oculi on African boats. The former capital can be found in Trowulan. Thi

Buhun is an ancient teaching of pre-Hindu Sundanese ancestors & existed long before religion from mainland Asia entered the Indonesian archipelago so pure Buhun teachings do not recognize reincarnation, heaven, hell/moksa. Still, they recognize 3 types of death, namely paeh kasarad / death with his soul becoming a demon sacrifice, paeh Kakungkung / dies but his soul is trapped inside the waruga. His soul will become extinct as the waruga decays / dies in extinction & paeh sawilujeungna / his soul exits the waruga safely into the heavenly realm which is believed to be the realm of eternity. The Buhun belief consists of several sects, different from the Sundanese Wiwitan as the largest religious sect in Indonesia which is spread in several areas of southern Banten & West Java starting from Kanekes in Banten whose population is known as the Baduy tribe, then Ciptagelar in Sukabumi district which is inhabited by people Ciptagelar, Naga village in Tasikmalaya district, Sindang B

Sundanese are the majority in Banten, the remainder are also found in rural areas of West Java. Sundanese consists of several dialects, such as the southern / Priangan dialect covering the city of Bandung & its surroundings. Meanwhile, the central-eastern dialect is spoken in the Majalengka & Indramayu districts. The Tarumanagara Kingdom was founded in 358 - 669 AD. Just like in other parts of Indonesia, the first religion/belief adopted in the Land of Sunda was animism & dynamism. Before religious influence from different nations, animism & dynamism were beliefs held by many people in the archipelago. Apart from religion which is used as a way of life, Sundanese people also have a way of life inherited from their ancestors. Meanwhile, the Galuh Kingdom was founded in 1030 - 1579 AD. It was during this time that Tanah Pasundan was famous for its wayang golek art. The performance time is also unique, namely in the evening starting around 20.00 – 21.00 until 04.00 in the

Unlike Outer Kanekes, the residents of Inner Kanekes still adhere to the traditions of their ancestors. The Kanekes Dalam people do not know written culture, so their customs, beliefs/religion & ancestral stories are only stored in oral speech. Based on information from the Kokolot of Cikeusik village, Kanekes people are not Hindus/Buddhists, but adherents of animism, a belief that respects ancestral spirits. The beliefs of the Kanekes community are referred to as Sundanese Wiwitan teachings, ancestral teachings passed down from generation to generation which are rooted in respect for karuhun / ancestral spirits & worship of the spirits of natural forces. This belief is an original form of traditional Sundanese society which believes in the power of nature & ancestors. Not only that, magical things can be seen in Sundanese Wiwitan culture where they are still strong in the beliefs of their ancestors. Their origins are often linked to Adam as the first ancestor. Van Tricht,

The increasing power of Sriwijaya at the end of the 7th century is mentioned in the blunt stone inscription of the Hill Position at the foot of the Seguntang hill southwest of the city of Palembang, which says that in 683 Sriwijaya had power at sea & land and in 686 the country had sent its expedition to conquer other areas in Sumatra & Java. This is proven by the discovery of various types of ceramic materials from the Han era, as well as ceramic materials from the post-Han period and so on, Chinese ceramic materials were also found up to ceramics from the Ming era. Thus, it is estimated that the ancestors of the Lampung people lived in Bukit Barisan in the 13th century, at least in the context of the Minangkabau Paguruyung Kingdom, founded by Adityawarman in 1339. Then, after their relatives settled in Sekala Berak, during the time of their grandson, Umpu Serunting, they founded Keratuan Pemanggil. Umpu Serunting gave birth to 5 sons, namely Indra Gadjah who gave birth to the

The native tribes of Bengkulu include the Merpas tribe. The grouping of migrant communities/tribes in this tribal area can be seen from the names of the sub-districts/villages/hamlets/villages where the migrant tribes live, for example Semarang, Purworejo, Purwokerto, Purwodadi, Pringsewu, Klaten, Wates whose residents come from Central Java. Jogja, Bantul, Sritejo Kencono, Krajan, Trimurjo, Wonosari, Sidomulyo are areas whose residents are from Yogyakarta & Solo. Sinar Semendo, Ogan, Pelembang, is an area with residents from Palembang. Bugis Village is an area with residents from Bugis. Kampung Ambon is an area with residents from Maluku. Its history is recorded from the 16th century, the Kingdom of Dipati Tiang 45 with its King located in the mountains of the Bukit Barisan Plateau with its center in the Lebong area. This kingdom is located at the mouth of the Itam River and its people consist of the Lembak ethnic group. Duke Raja Makdun and his entourage moved away towards the no