Religion Realm

Indonesia, which consists of tens of thousands of islands and hundreds of ethnic groups, is a country with the highest heterogeneity on earth, and it has a cultural diversity that reflects the extraordinary wealth of the nation. These beliefs can be in the form of beliefs in God Almighty, beliefs in Gods, spirits, ancestors, supernatural objects, magical powers, etc. In addition, until now they still maintain noble values ​​and carry out the traditions inherited from their ancestors, one of which is a ritual related to their lives. According to I Made Suarsana, belief is a system of human behavior to achieve a certain purpose by relying on the will and power of creatures such as spirits, Gods, etc. They believe that the universe is a place for good and evil spirits to live, which can influence human life. They believe their ancestors are still present in this world and can provide assistance and guidance in everyday life. They believe that every event and activity must begin with praye...

Are you curious to know how the lives of our ancestors developed in prehistoric times? Kjokkenmoddinger is a term derived from Danish, namely kjokken, which means kitchen, and modding, which means garbage. So, kjokkenmoddinger actually means kitchen waste. Kjokkenmoddinger is kitchen waste from the Mesolithic era found along the east coast of Sumatra. This was studied by Dr. PV van Stein Callenfels in 1925 & according to his research, human life at that time depended on catching snails and shellfish because the garbage of both animals was found as high as 7 m. This advanced hunting & gathering period is estimated to have taken place during the Mesolithic period, which was marked by a change in tradition from initially gathering food to producing their own food. Still, they were not yet fully able to meet all their food needs because their tools, namely pebble hand axes, could only be used to loosen the soil by farming by gardening. In ancient times, it is estimated that the Ben...

This proverb is very appropriate for describing indigenous peoples in Indonesia. Legal expert Satjipto Rahardjo mentioned several requirements in Article 18B paragraph 2 of the 1945 Constitution as a form of hegemonic state power that determines the existence or absence of indigenous peoples. The birth of the Constitutional Court decision no. 35 of 2012 is the basis for the recognition, protection & empowerment of the sovereignty of indigenous peoples in managing their forests. It explicitly mandates that customary forest management can be carried out by indigenous peoples and their existence is no longer in state forest areas. The change in leadership of aMaN Maluku affected the organization's performance in assisting the Nuaulu tribe in Central Maluku for a while. Meanwhile, aMaN Riau at that phase experienced internal challenges, in addition to external factors in the form of a political map in the local government, which influenced the assistance program for the Talang Mama...

Other tribes from Sulawesi include the Maiwa tribe. This research and writing have never been written in the form of a research report. There is only the history of Gowa, Bone & Wajo written by Abdul Rasak Daeng Patunru, but in its presentation, it does not explain the Japanese era and the physical revolution. This district is bordered to the north by the Thna Toraja district, to the east by the Luwu district, to the south by the Sidenreng Rappang district, and to the west by the Pinrang district. The table above shows that the Alla sub-district has a high population density, reaching 244 iiwa / km. This fairly long period of approximately 500 years is divided into several periods in detail. Thmboro Langiq married Sanda Biliq, a water genie woman from the Saqdang River. Of the children of Thmboro Langiq & Sanda Biliq, only Puang Sanda Boro is known to have married a genie woman named Tobuqtu Ribatang. From this marriage was born a son named Lakipada, the man whose wife disappea...

Suku asal Sulawesi lainnya termasuk suku Duri. Bahasa Duri adalah bahasa yang paling banyak di tuturkan di kabupaten Enrekang. Permukiman suku Duri ini berbatasan dengan kabupaten Tana Toraja. Permukiman orang Duri meliputi kecamatan Anggeraja, Masalle, Alla, Baroko, Curio, Malua, Baraka & Buntu Batu. Beberapa waktu lalu sempat bergulir wacana pembentukan kabupaten Tanah Duri. Masyarakat suku Duri juga tetap mempertahankan & memelihara adat sesuai dengan ajaran nenek moyang mereka.

In the 18th century, sea trade was prevalent. This maritime knowledge was inherited from the Austronesian era. The majority did not know God & traditional animism beliefs were still strong. The Mandar tribe has three beliefs: animism, Islam, and a mixture of animism and Islam. Animism is not prohibited as long as it does not conflict with Islamic law. Even the mixture of these two beliefs produces rituals with prayers from the Quran.

Although the rituals created ties between villages, there was great diversity in dialects, social hierarchies, and ritual practices in the highlands of Sulawesi. The event was documented by National Geographic and broadcast in several European countries. Western tourists were encouraged to visit the Stone Age villages and ancient burial grounds. Schools were established and teachers were brought in from Sangihe Talaud and Ambon. In 1970, Aluk Todolo was protected by the state and officially categorized as Hindu, often referred to as Hindu Alukta. This migration occurred until 1985. The Indonesian government has recognized Aluk To Dolo / Hindu Alukta as part of Hinduism in Indonesia. They still adhere to animism and have not been touched by the outside world. Relationships between families are expressed through blood, marriage, and sharing ancestral homes, practically marked by the exchange of buffalo and pigs in rituals. Rituals related to the tongkonan are very important in the spirit...

Indonesia is a country that shows the diversity of geographical conditions and lifestyles and the nature of a multi-ethnic society. One of the riches and attractions of the Indonesian archipelago is its cultural diversity. In that year, the Portuguese landed and visited to meet the King of Gowa. From East Asia such as China, the Moors from North Africa & Yemen from the Middle East. This kingdom also faced a terrible war with the Dutch until its fall due to the Dutch pitting against the conquered Kingdom. Several central figures of Gowa who refused to surrender such as Karaeng Galesong, Bontomarannu, Karunrung, Sultan Harun al Rasyid Raja Tallo & Daeng Mangalle migrated to Java. This village later gave birth to the Karaeng Aji generation named Tun Abdul Razak & Najib Razak as PM of Malaysia. In the land of Pagoda Thailand in 1686 by Daeng Mangalle with the name Makkasan in the heart of Bangkok's capital. With the enactment of Law No. 22 of 1999 which mandates regional an...

Several fragment artifacts were found in the Walanae and Maros river valleys, which are estimated to date from between 40,000 and 19,000 BC. The skeletons are estimated to be more than 7200 years old. These Austronesian people later mixed with the Indigenous population and became the direct ancestors of the tribes in South Sulawesi, including the Bugis tribe. The ancestral land of the Bugis tribe is located around Lake Tempe and Sidenreng in the Walannae depression on the southwest peninsula of Sulawesi. This is where the ancestors of the current Bugis tribe settled, possibly in the mid-to-late second millennium BC. Estimated to date between 4000 and 2000 BC, these seeds are likely related to the arrival of their Austronesian ancestors in the region / among the earlier Toalean hunter-gatherer society. There are many respected shipbuilding centers in the region, including Ara, the land of Lemo & Bira. Writing in the lontara script probably first appeared around 1400. In the 14th cen...

The Banggai tribe has similarities in language, culture, and tradition with the Saluan & Balantak tribes who inhabit the Banggai district. The name Saluan is one of the three children of the King who ruled long ago, this Saluan is the youngest child of the King. The original Saluan people are the Loinang people which means mountain people. The 2015 population census estimated the Saluan population at approximately 200,000. Contemporary research in decision-making is mostly rooted in the results of research conducted in the early 20th century, such as studies conducted by Foyett. Other examples of ascribed status are status as Indonesian citizens, Kubu people, widows, orphans, etc.

The Banggai tribe is divided into 2: the Sea-Sea tribe who live in the mountains & the Banggai tribe who live on the coast. This animist theory has recently received extensive criticism from the latest scholarship on religious studies & anthropology because of its essentialist nature and the bias of the modern paradigm. The originator of ​​animism was Edward B Tylor, who is often referred to as the father of cultural anthropology & continued by James G Frazer. The book Primitive Culture was written 12 years after the publication of On the Origin of Species. Darwin's work helped shape the spirit of the era of scholarship in the second half of the 19th century which tended to want to explain the origin of everything in an evolutionist paradigm. Animism for him is a primitive form & is the foundation of all religions. Just like Tylor, primitive animist societies initially grappled with questions of life & death. Among the examples of myths cited by Frazer are the b...

He ended his life at the foot of a hill near the village of Kassi Pute. Usually, the engagement period is between 1 and 7 years. In the Moronene community, traditional expressions are seen as sacred because they are closely related to humans' religious nature. Until now, there are still groups of people who believe in supernatural powers that will help if a disaster strikes, and this is inseparable from the influence of animism and dynamism beliefs. In the Moronene community, traditional expressions are seen as something related to the atmosphere of sacredness because it is closely related to the religious nature of humans & until now there are still groups of people who believe in supernatural powers that can help if a disaster strikes and this is inseparable from the influence of animism & dynamism beliefs. However, traditional beliefs are still fundamental, especially beliefs in evil spirits. The function of storing aims so that the younger generation can know & unde...

Herawati, a researcher from the Eijkman Research Institute, hypothesized that the spread of Austronesian speakers in the archipelago occurred around 5,000 - 7,000 BC to the south. The latest genetic studies show that the genetics of Indonesian humans today are mostly mixed, originating from 2 / more ancestral populations. This body posture is a characteristic of the Polynesian tribe that inhabits the islands of Flores & Maluku. The remains of the history of the Negroid race civilization can be seen in the cave wall paintings spread across the Kawuna - Wuna area. Koasi says the prehistoric paintings in the Liangkobhori cave complex are over 25,000 years old. Kapitalao matagholeo is based in the Loghia area & kapitalao kansoopa is based in the Wasolangka area. La Ode Saete holds the title Omputo Sorano Masigi, against the Dutch. However, in the end, the Sultan of Buton still made the eternal agreement in 1613 under the leadership of Sultan Dayanu Iksanudin alias Laelangi. After s...

Most of the population inhabiting the province of Southeast Sulawesi are local Indigenous tribes, including the Wolio tribe. Before converting to Islam, the Buton people believed in animism and dynamism. They were also influenced by Hindu-Buddhist beliefs. However, the older generation still believes in supernatural things brought by their ancestors. This food is usually present during Eid al-Fitr and Adha. This tradition is carried out in the month of Syawal. This tradition begins with tarawih prayers at exactly 24.00, then continues with qunut prayers, and closes with sahur together.

Most of the population inhabiting the province of Southeast Sulawesi are local indigenous tribes, including the Banggai tribe. The activities still found today are hunting, especially in the Peleng Island area in the interior. While to get to their place it takes 4 days of land travel, traveling 80 - 100 km. They still adhere to animism and believe in the power of spirits & other inanimate objects. Not just worshiping ancestral spirits that cannot guarantee their lives in the afterlife. Christianity was first spread by missionaries from the Netherlands, namely AC Cruyt & Adrian in the Poso area and the southern part of Donggala. While Hinduism & Buddhism were brought by transmigrants from Bali and West Indonesia. Before this alian ideology, the Sampekonan community adhered to animism, dynamism & mysticism, until the entry of Haji Ali Taetang to Sampekonan. Still, Ali Taetang brought the alian ideology as a new stream of Islam. Before the new name was announced as Zikrul...

This area has officially become a new district since 2013, after previously being the Konawe district. The Wawonii people are still bound by animism. Pray that the Holy Spirit will open the spiritual eyes and disturb the hearts of the Wowonii people so that they turn to the truth of God's word.

In 1275, 1 Kertanagara army departed from the port of Tuban. In 1286, Kertanagara ordered the transport of a collection of works obtained by people in the Jambi area to Melayu. Kertanagara's intention was clear: to establish 1 Javanese Kingdom in Central Sumatra, which would become the center of Javanese culture on the island. In the northern part of the Malacca peninsula, the newly established Siamese Kingdom had captured part of the Sriwijaya area. In Aceh, new kingdoms had also begun to emerge, for example, the Perlak Kingdom and the Samudra Pasai Sultanate. The first Sipanjonga group, with Sijawangkati as the head, made the first landing in Kalaupa, a coastal area of the King of Tobo—Tobo, while Simalui and Sitamanajo landed in Walalogusi. At the time of the first landing, Sipanjonga raised the flag of his Kingdom in a place not far from Kalampa, a sign of his greatness. This hill was later famous as Lelemangura. With the existence of the Sijawangkai Dungkusangia peace, the Tob...

Most of the population inhabiting the province of Southeast Sulawesi are local indigenous tribes, including the Tolaki tribe. The name of the Tolaki tribe comes from the word to = person / human, laki = male gender, so it means a human with high masculinity, is brave & upholds honor/self-esteem. Inside the cave are stored many artifacts, including human skulls, work tools such as hunting tools, objects of worship, jars, pottery, porcelain made by China, Thailand, VOC, Dutch East Indies, worship stones, there are several pictures/scenes such as animals, palms, hunting, canoes/boats, humans, statues, terracotta, etc. According to the speakers of the King's genealogy, until now there are still remnants of the small Kingdom, both archaeological and ethnographic relics, for example, the ruins of the Wawolesea King's Palace in Toreo. Furthermore, Totongano Wonua moved the center of his Kingdom from Padangguni to Unaaha, because when Totongano Wonua made a trip in order to unite t...

Meanwhile, other regional languages ​​that are also used by certain community groups in the Gorontalo province are Bajo & Minahasa. The Bajau tribe has spread to Sabah, various regions of Indonesia & the Philippines such as the Sulu Islands for hundreds of years. The Muslim Bajau tribe is the last wave of migration from the north of Kalimantan that entered the coast of East Kalimantan to South Kalimantan & occupied the surrounding islands, before the arrival of the Muslim tribe from the Bugis group, namely the Bugis, and Mandar tribes.

Based on local Indigenous literature, the Suwawa Kingdom has also been widely known by several Kingdoms in Sulawesi, which then established kinship and trade relations with it. Evidence of the existence of this Kingdom is the discovery of the tombs of the Kings on the banks of the upstream Bulawa River. The longest river is the Paguyaman River, located in Boelemo Regency, with a flow length of 99.3 km. Tomini Bay is crossed by the equator and is naturally inhabited by various marine animals. The minimum temperature occurs in September, which is 22.8 ° C, while the maximum temperature occurs in October, which is 33.5 ° C. In 2013 the average temperature ranged from 26.2 ° C - 27.6 ° C. While the highest rainfall occurs in May, which is 307.9 mm, the highest number of rainy days is in July & December, which is 24 days. Sports arena January 23rd lake. In 1824, the Limo Lo Pohalaa area was under the authority of an assistant resident in addition to the traditional government.  This...