Religion Realm

Contemporary research on decision-making is mostly rooted in the results of research conducted in the early 20th century, such as studies conducted by Foyett. Other examples of ascribed status are status as an Indonesian citizen, status as a Kubu person, status as a widow, status as an orphan, etc. The Saluan ethnic group is one of 12 ethnic groups in Central Sulawesi. The Saluan / Loinang tribe lives in the Banggai district. When viewed from the number of villages / sub-districts, the sub-district with the largest number of villages is the Pagimana sub-district with 44 villages / sub-districts & the least number of villages is Luwuk Timur sub-district with 6 villages / sub-districts. Geographically, the area inhabited by the Saluan ethnic group is to the west with the Pamona & Bungku ethnic groups, while along the coast it is open to relations with other cultures, especially with the northern Maluku region which is dominated by the influence of the Islamic Kingdom of Ternate. ...

Several fragment artifacts were found in the Walanae and Maros river valleys, which are estimated to date from between 40,000 and 19,000 BC. The skeletons are estimated to be more than 7200 years old. These Austronesian people later mixed with the Indigenous population and became the direct ancestors of the tribes in South Sulawesi, including the Bugis tribe. The ancestral land of the Bugis tribe is located around Lake Tempe and Sidenreng in the Walannae depression on the southwest peninsula of Sulawesi. This is where the ancestors of the current Bugis tribe settled, possibly in the mid-to-late second millennium BC. Estimated to date between 4000 and 2000 BC, these seeds are likely related to the arrival of their Austronesian ancestors in the region / among the earlier Toalean hunter-gatherer society. There are many respected shipbuilding centers in the region, including Ara, the land of Lemo & Bira. Writing in the lontara script probably first appeared around 1400. In the 14th cen...

Most of the population inhabiting the province of Southeast Sulawesi are local Indigenous tribes, including the Wolio tribe. Before converting to Islam, the Buton people believed in animism and dynamism. They were also influenced by Hindu-Buddhist beliefs. However, the older generation still believes in supernatural things brought by their ancestors. This food is usually present during Eid al-Fitr and Adha. This tradition is carried out in the month of Syawal. This tradition begins with tarawih prayers at exactly 24.00, then continues with qunut prayers, and closes with sahur together.

Most of the population inhabiting the province of Southeast Sulawesi are local indigenous tribes, including the Banggai tribe. The activities still found today are hunting, especially in the Peleng Island area in the interior. While to get to their place it takes 4 days of land travel, traveling 80 - 100 km. They still adhere to animism and believe in the power of spirits & other inanimate objects. Not just worshiping ancestral spirits that cannot guarantee their lives in the afterlife. Christianity was first spread by missionaries from the Netherlands, namely AC Cruyt & Adrian in the Poso area and the southern part of Donggala. While Hinduism & Buddhism were brought by transmigrants from Bali and West Indonesia. Before this alian ideology, the Sampekonan community adhered to animism, dynamism & mysticism, until the entry of Haji Ali Taetang to Sampekonan. Still, Ali Taetang brought the alian ideology as a new stream of Islam. Before the new name was announced as Zikrul...

In 1275, 1 Kertanagara army departed from the port of Tuban. In 1286, Kertanagara ordered the transport of a collection of works obtained by people in the Jambi area to Melayu. Kertanagara's intention was clear: to establish 1 Javanese Kingdom in Central Sumatra, which would become the center of Javanese culture on the island. In the northern part of the Malacca peninsula, the newly established Siamese Kingdom had captured part of the Sriwijaya area. In Aceh, new kingdoms had also begun to emerge, for example, the Perlak Kingdom and the Samudra Pasai Sultanate. The first Sipanjonga group, with Sijawangkati as the head, made the first landing in Kalaupa, a coastal area of the King of Tobo—Tobo, while Simalui and Sitamanajo landed in Walalogusi. At the time of the first landing, Sipanjonga raised the flag of his Kingdom in a place not far from Kalampa, a sign of his greatness. This hill was later famous as Lelemangura. With the existence of the Sijawangkai Dungkusangia peace, the Tob...

BPS used the name Buket Tribe for this ethnic group in the 2000 population census. The ancestors of the Pitap Dayak people originally lived in the Tanah Hidup area, which is the border area between the Balangan and Kotabaru districts. Tanah Hidup is a sacred land area believed to be the area of ​​origin of their ancestors. Furthermore, based on the 1993 sub-district decree, Ajung village was merged into Iyam. The mythology of the Meratus Dayak tribe / Bukit Dayak tribe states that the Banjar & Bukit tribes are descendants of 2 brothers, namely Si Ayuh alias Datung Ayuh alias Dayuhan alias Sandayuhan who gave birth to the Bukit tribe and Bambang Siwara alias Bambang Basiwara who gave birth to the Banjar tribe. In the folk prose story in the Meratus Dayak language, it is intended to be revealed that the ancestor of the Banjar people named Bambang Basiwara was the younger brother of the ancestor of the Meratus Dayak people named Sandayuhan. In accordance with his status as the ancesto...

M Nasroen was the first person to pioneer the study of ethnic philosophy in the 60s through his book Falsafah Minangkabau. Then Sunoto conducted a survey of Javanese ethnic philosophy. The main sources of ethnic philosophy are mythology, legends, folklore, the way an ethnic group builds its houses & holds its ceremonies, the literature they produce, and the epics they write, all of which underlie the building of the ethnic philosophy. Talking about human philosophy in the context of the Archipelago also means talking about the ethnic philosophy embraced by all members of a tribe. However, not all ancestors of tribes in Indonesia passed down their philosophy in the form of books or writing because they did not yet have a script / written language/writing system. The Berawa tribe passed down its philosophy through spoken media, stories, and mythology, which was told to its tribe members. This study aims to obtain answers to the formulation of the problem proposed above, with the hope...

The concentration of settlements of the Rongga tribe, generally living in East Flores & East Manggarai districts. The belief system during the Perundagian period still continued the previous period, namely animism & dynamism. The discovery of prehistoric sites proves that the ancestors of Indonesian people have long believed in animist beliefs, namely the worship of spirits in certain objects other than living creatures. In the archipelago, before the arrival of religion from the outside, the people still adhered to old beliefs, namely animism & dynamism. Animism is the belief that everything on earth, both living and dead, has a spirit and must be respected so that it does not disturb humans. Evidence of animism & dynamism beliefs can be seen from the remains of local cultural beliefs of people who believe in the worship of ancestral spirits and supernatural objects. Buildings left by adherents of animism & dynamism are often referred to as original buildings of pa...

This province consists of several islands, including the island of Timor. In Ainaro district, there are Mount Tatamailau & Usululi. Members of parliament are elected for a term of 5 years. After the Carnation Revolution, the Portuguese colonial government granted concessions to the Oceanic Exploration Corporation for development & exploitation. However, this failed to happen due to the Seroja operation in 1976. In 1990 it was known that the population was around 3000 people. In November 2007, there were 11 sub-districts where food needs had to be supplied by international aid. A French anthropologist named Brigitte Clamagirand once lived in a Marobo tribe settlement. Most Timorese also retain some traditional animist beliefs & customs from pre-colonial times. Timor Leste's traditional beliefs have certain elements of animism. Usually, they say that maromak comes first & then matebian, spirits of ancestors and relatives who have died / klamar. The souls of the ancest...

In a discussion about Lamaholot culture held by the Lamaholot community in Kupang recently, there was an answer from the resource person to a question from the discussion participants that made a deep impression on us. The story is about a boy who catches bass in a lake in a New Hampshire town. The 11-year-old boy managed to catch a large bass at exactly 10pm, 2 hours before the bass fishing season started. This province consists of several islands, including Solor Island. Lamaholot is an ethnic group that inhabits the East Flores & Lembata districts in East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia. They also live side by side with other ethnic groups, such as the Kedang & Sikka tribes, as well as migrant communities such as the Bugis, Makassar, Buton & Bajo. About the origin of the Lamaholot people, there is an oral history that says that they came from Keroko Pukeng / Lepan Batang, a small island to the north of Pantar Island which is now included in the Alor district. Meanwhile, the ori...

Like people in other areas, some Sumbawa people still adhere to animism & some adhere to Hinduism. Before Islam came to Sumbawa, the people on the island first adhered to an animism & dynamism belief system, namely belief in the spirits of ancestors who had died. However, after Islamic teachings entered Sumbawa, the animist belief system & Hindu-Buddhist beliefs slowly began to disappear. Apart from Sunan Prapen, Sunan Giri also sent one of his students named Sheikh Zainal Abidin, son of Kolono Marhum, the first King of Ternate to convert to Islam. After Kolono Marhum died in 1486, his position was replaced by his son, Sultan Zainal Abidin. It was only during the reign of the last King of the Awan Kuning dynasty, namely Dewa Maja Purwa, that records were found about the activities of the Kingdom's government, including that Dewa Maja Purwa had signed an agreement with the Kingdom of Gowa in Sulawesi. 1637 Mas Goa was succeeded by his sister's son, Mas Bantan. After ...

Before the adoption of Hinduism, Buddhism, Confucianism, and Islam in general, the indigenous people of the archipelago believed in invisible spiritual power entities which could be in the form of good or bad energy. Ancient indigenous people also believed that deceased ancestors did not really disappear from the world, but rather that ancestral spirits could metamorphose & gain spiritual powers like Gods and remain involved in the worldly affairs of their descendants. That is why worship & reverence to honor ancestors is an important element in the belief system of indigenous ethnic groups in Indonesia, including the Kangean tribe. Not a few people on Kangean Island today still believe in the teachings of their ancestors. The Kangean community, who are fanatical about the teachings of their ancestors, causes obstacles in Muhammadiyah's preaching. According to various references, it is recorded that Muhammadiyah was founded by KH Ahmad Dahlan on 8 Dzulhijjah 1330 H, which c...

Before Islam came to Indonesia, especially on the island of Java, the Indonesian people already knew & practiced a belief, namely the worship of ancestral spirits. This civilization was rooted in its own cultural sources & then the influence of Hindu Buddhist culture was absorbed into it. Then in the 8th – 10th century AD, there was the Mataram Kingdom with its temples in Dieng, Borobudur, Mendut, Prambanan, etc. Traditional symbols were originally the cultural heritage of Hinduism & Buddhism which contain mystical meanings and interpretations as belief rites deeply rooted in the teachings of animism & dynamism. After the 10th century AD, changes in cultural symbols from traditions inherited from the Hindu Buddhist tradition underwent changes & shifted to traditional symbols with the aroma and color of Islamic teachings. The cultural richness found in Madura is built from various cultural elements including the influence of animism, Hinduism & Islam. The arrival...

The original religion of the Tengger people was a mixture of Majapahit-era Hindu-Buddhist religion with some elements of ancestor worship, different from the Hindu Dharma religion of Bali. What is clear is that the ancestors of the Tengger tribe were recognized as fleeing the Majapahit Kingdom which collapsed after being attacked by Demak. The philosophical & ritualistic traditions of Tengger's ancestors do have differences from mainstream Buddhism in general. Until the 90s, guidance was carried out by the government & authorized institutions, so mainstream Buddhist traditions merged with Tengger's ancestral teachings. The villagers then embraced Buddhism. Mistono, Head of the Paramita Ngadas Vihara, explained that the existence of Buddhists can be traced back to the founding of Ngadas village in 1774 by a group of Buddhist ancestors. According to him, the teachings of these ancestors, even though they are labeled Buddha, are more traditional in nature, and have been pr...

The Osing tribe / usually pronounced Javanese Osing are native residents of Banyuwangi / also known as Laros / Wong Blambangan are the majority population in several sub-districts in Banyuwangi Regency. There is also a small group in Srono, Cluring, Gambiran & Genteng Districts. Of the various sub-districts, the sub-district where the population still strongly adheres to distinctive customs & culture as one tribe is Kemiren village in the Glagah sub-district. They speak Osing with each other, whereas in public domains such as government, education, counseling, politics, etc., Indonesian is used more dominantly as a means of communication. They are descendants of the Majapahit Kingdom who believe in Hinduism & Buddhism. During the Dutch colonial period, they displayed their tenacity against VOC domination. The Osing people have a puputan tradition, just like the Balinese people. This tradition sparked a major war called Puputan Bayu in 1771 AD. Now most of the people are Mus...

Like most other Indonesian ethnic groups, including the Sundanese, the Javanese are an Austronesian people whose ancestors are thought to have come from Taiwan & migrated through the Philippines to reach the island of Java between 1500 - 1000 BC. Apart from Austronesian influences, there are also influences from Islam, India, and the Western world in their lives. In 774 the tribe launched an attack on Po Nagar in Nhatrang where pirates destroyed the temple, while in 787 an attack was launched on Phangrang. This expansionist tribe launched several large expeditions to Madura, Bali in 1284, and Kalimantan & the most important expedition to Sumatra in 1275. From other authors' notes, it can be seen that some went to the Maldives, Calicut, Oman, Aden & the Sea. Red. The Javanese imported labor in the form of black people from Jenggi, Pujut & Bondan. This is shown by the presence of outriggers & oculi on African boats. The former capital can be found in Trowulan. Thi...

Unlike Outer Kanekes, the residents of Inner Kanekes still adhere to the traditions of their ancestors. The Kanekes Dalam people do not know written culture, so their customs, beliefs/religion & ancestral stories are only stored in oral speech. Based on information from the Kokolot of Cikeusik village, Kanekes people are not Hindus/Buddhists, but adherents of animism, a belief that respects ancestral spirits. The beliefs of the Kanekes community are referred to as Sundanese Wiwitan teachings, ancestral teachings passed down from generation to generation which are rooted in respect for karuhun / ancestral spirits & worship of the spirits of natural forces. This belief is an original form of traditional Sundanese society which believes in the power of nature & ancestors. Not only that, magical things can be seen in Sundanese Wiwitan culture where they are still strong in the beliefs of their ancestors. Their origins are often linked to Adam as the first ancestor. Van Tricht, ...

The increasing power of Sriwijaya at the end of the 7th century is mentioned in the blunt stone inscription of the Hill Position at the foot of the Seguntang hill southwest of the city of Palembang, which says that in 683 Sriwijaya had power at sea & land and in 686 the country had sent its expedition to conquer other areas in Sumatra & Java. This is proven by the discovery of various types of ceramic materials from the Han era, as well as ceramic materials from the post-Han period and so on, Chinese ceramic materials were also found up to ceramics from the Ming era. Thus, it is estimated that the ancestors of the Lampung people lived in Bukit Barisan in the 13th century, at least in the context of the Minangkabau Paguruyung Kingdom, founded by Adityawarman in 1339. Then, after their relatives settled in Sekala Berak, during the time of their grandson, Umpu Serunting, they founded Keratuan Pemanggil. Umpu Serunting gave birth to 5 sons, namely Indra Gadjah who gave birth to the...

The native tribes of Bengkulu include the Merpas tribe. The grouping of migrant communities/tribes in this tribal area can be seen from the names of the sub-districts/villages/hamlets/villages where the migrant tribes live, for example Semarang, Purworejo, Purwokerto, Purwodadi, Pringsewu, Klaten, Wates whose residents come from Central Java. Jogja, Bantul, Sritejo Kencono, Krajan, Trimurjo, Wonosari, Sidomulyo are areas whose residents are from Yogyakarta & Solo. Sinar Semendo, Ogan, Pelembang, is an area with residents from Palembang. Bugis Village is an area with residents from Bugis. Kampung Ambon is an area with residents from Maluku. Its history is recorded from the 16th century, the Kingdom of Dipati Tiang 45 with its King located in the mountains of the Bukit Barisan Plateau with its center in the Lebong area. This kingdom is located at the mouth of the Itam River and its people consist of the Lembak ethnic group. Duke Raja Makdun and his entourage moved away towards the no...

In 2090 BC, Rhe Jang Hyang & his group founded a village called Kutai Nuak in the White Napal area, North Bengkulu. Some refer to the region as the Back Indies. In Ekorusyono's Rejang Culture, it is stated that at least in the 2nd century AD, Rejang's ancestors sailed across the ocean & landed on the west coast of Sumatra.  They then occupied the downstream area of ​​the Ketahun River before finally continuing along the river until they reached the Lebong area, which at that time was called Renah Sekalawi. Before going to Sumatra, Rejang's ancestors are thought to have stopped for a long time in Kalimantan, before crossing to Sumatra via Bangka & landing on the Musi River. Perhaps because of security & conquest factors, Rejang's ancestors continued along the Musi and Rawas Rivers upstream.  After reaching the present Rejang area, Rejang's ancestors did not immediately become familiar with agriculture/cultivation. As a member of the Austronesian langu...