Religion Realm

The Yapen people are an ethnic group inhabiting Yapen Island in Cenderawasih Bay. This ethnic group consists of seven indigenous tribes and three settler tribes, such as the Yawa Unat. Majapahit, also known as Wilwatikta, was a Javanese Hindu-Buddhist thalassocratic empire based on the island of Java, now in Indonesia. This caught the attention of Kublai Khan, ruler of the Yuan dynasty in China. He sent an envoy named Meng Chi to Singhasari demanding tribute. On the advice of royal advisor Aria Wiraraja, Jayakatwang granted pardon to Raden Wijaya, Kertanegara's son-in-law, who surrendered. Wiraraja then sent an envoy to Daha, bearing a letter stating that Raden Wijaya surrendered and agreed to serve Jayakatwang. Raden Wijaya was then given the Tarik forest. He cleared the forest and built a new village with a main port in Canggu. He was officially crowned Kertarajasa Jayawardhana. Wijaya died in 1309. Wijaya's son and successor was Jayanegara. The Pararaton, a 16th-century chro...

The Biak tribe is an ethnic group originating from the Biak Islands in Cenderawasih Bay, just off the north coast of Papua Island. Some also call it Numfor, Mafor, Wiak / Vyak. Just like the abilities of the Bugis tribe, they explore the oceans from the Maluku Islands, Sulawesi, Java, to the Malacca Peninsula. They sell various commodities to several Yapen Waropen island clusters, Wondama & Dore bays, Manokwari, Amberbaken, and extend to various waters of the archipelago. The sun shines hot throughout the year with the highest average intensity of radiation in June. The south & southeast / east are bordered by Sarae sub-district which is the city center area with market facilities and other trade bordered by the Bagareso river. There are 4 small bays that have long been a stopover for fishing boats & traders since ancient times, namely So Nggela, Toro Londe, Bonto and Kolo bays. The word tolo Bali means to reject back. It is called the Sora village, because the word sora me...

Haraforo means uncivilized people/society. In the next stage, Alifuru was interpreted as the remains of ancient humans who inhabited the Indonesian archipelago who were increasingly pressured by other tribes who came. In 1662, they were considered uncivilized, numbering approximately 100 adult men.  The land area was called Morotia, while the sea area was called Morotai. However, when the Portuguese and Gamkonora joined, victory was on the side of the Ternate Sultanate. Initially, the Moro Kingdom adhered to animism and dynamism. The Tagetu tribe, adherents of animism, is an isolated tribe whose men only wear loincloths made of tree bark & ​​the women are bare-chested. Animist beliefs, which are called Sowamogiowo until now, are used to refer to people who are not yet religious. In Galela, Sowamogiowo is related to the animist belief system.  In the past, Sowamogiowo was related to the animist belief system. This spirit can leave the object it occupies & go to another ...

North Maluku has 37 languages, including Vedic. Vedic religion refers to the ideology and religious practices of the Indo-Aryan language group in ancient India after 1500 BC. The Indo-Aryan language is a branch of the Indo-European language group, which was born from the Sintashta culture and continued to develop until it finally became the Andronovo culture, and is believed to have originated from the Kurgan culture that grew from the Central Asian steppes. The early Vedic period is most often proposed to have begun in the 2nd millennium BC and is believed to have ended in 500 BC. The period between 800 and 200 BC was the formative period for Hinduism, Jainism, and Buddhism. Adi Shankara, an 8th-century AD philosopher who unified the mainstream thought of Hinduism, interpreted the Vedas as non-dualist / single. The word Brahmanism was coined by Gonçalo Fernandes Trancoso in the 16th century & is related to the metaphysical concept of Brahman, which developed from post-Vedic ideas ...

In traditional societies, life cycle rituals are usually aimed at ancestors/prayer ceremonies & belief in the existence of ancestors and rituals, and have traditions that are still strong today. Therefore, the pomaloana mate tradition in the Kadolokatapi sub-district still needs to be developed & maintained by the community. The creation of meaning is inseparable from the results of thoughts, experiences & beliefs carried out by previous ancestors. The 3-day Thanksgiving ceremony means paying homage to the deceased spirit. The seventh-day thanksgiving ceremony means paying homage to the spirit that is starting to leave the house. The 40-day thanksgiving ceremony is intended to pay homage to the spirit that has started to leave the yard. The spirit has started to move towards the grave. The 100-day ceremony is to pay homage to the spirit that is already in the grave. The Buton community, before converting to Islam, adhered to animism & dynamism. They were also influenced...

Contemporary research on decision-making is mostly rooted in the results of research conducted in the early 20th century, such as studies conducted by Foyett. Other examples of ascribed status are status as an Indonesian citizen, status as a Kubu person, status as a widow, status as an orphan, etc. The Saluan ethnic group is one of 12 ethnic groups in Central Sulawesi. The Saluan / Loinang tribe lives in the Banggai district. When viewed from the number of villages / sub-districts, the sub-district with the largest number of villages is the Pagimana sub-district with 44 villages / sub-districts & the least number of villages is Luwuk Timur sub-district with 6 villages / sub-districts. Geographically, the area inhabited by the Saluan ethnic group is to the west with the Pamona & Bungku ethnic groups, while along the coast it is open to relations with other cultures, especially with the northern Maluku region which is dominated by the influence of the Islamic Kingdom of Ternate. ...

Several fragment artifacts were found in the Walanae and Maros river valleys, which are estimated to date from between 40,000 and 19,000 BC. The skeletons are estimated to be more than 7200 years old. These Austronesian people later mixed with the Indigenous population and became the direct ancestors of the tribes in South Sulawesi, including the Bugis tribe. The ancestral land of the Bugis tribe is located around Lake Tempe and Sidenreng in the Walannae depression on the southwest peninsula of Sulawesi. This is where the ancestors of the current Bugis tribe settled, possibly in the mid-to-late second millennium BC. Estimated to date between 4000 and 2000 BC, these seeds are likely related to the arrival of their Austronesian ancestors in the region / among the earlier Toalean hunter-gatherer society. There are many respected shipbuilding centers in the region, including Ara, the land of Lemo & Bira. Writing in the lontara script probably first appeared around 1400. In the 14th cen...

Most of the population inhabiting the province of Southeast Sulawesi are local Indigenous tribes, including the Wolio tribe. Before converting to Islam, the Buton people believed in animism and dynamism. They were also influenced by Hindu-Buddhist beliefs. However, the older generation still believes in supernatural things brought by their ancestors. This food is usually present during Eid al-Fitr and Adha. This tradition is carried out in the month of Syawal. This tradition begins with tarawih prayers at exactly 24.00, then continues with qunut prayers, and closes with sahur together.

Most of the population inhabiting the province of Southeast Sulawesi are local indigenous tribes, including the Banggai tribe. The activities still found today are hunting, especially in the Peleng Island area in the interior. While to get to their place it takes 4 days of land travel, traveling 80 - 100 km. They still adhere to animism and believe in the power of spirits & other inanimate objects. Not just worshiping ancestral spirits that cannot guarantee their lives in the afterlife. Christianity was first spread by missionaries from the Netherlands, namely AC Cruyt & Adrian in the Poso area and the southern part of Donggala. While Hinduism & Buddhism were brought by transmigrants from Bali and West Indonesia. Before this alian ideology, the Sampekonan community adhered to animism, dynamism & mysticism, until the entry of Haji Ali Taetang to Sampekonan. Still, Ali Taetang brought the alian ideology as a new stream of Islam. Before the new name was announced as Zikrul...

In 1275, 1 Kertanagara army departed from the port of Tuban. In 1286, Kertanagara ordered the transport of a collection of works obtained by people in the Jambi area to Melayu. Kertanagara's intention was clear: to establish 1 Javanese Kingdom in Central Sumatra, which would become the center of Javanese culture on the island. In the northern part of the Malacca peninsula, the newly established Siamese Kingdom had captured part of the Sriwijaya area. In Aceh, new kingdoms had also begun to emerge, for example, the Perlak Kingdom and the Samudra Pasai Sultanate. The first Sipanjonga group, with Sijawangkati as the head, made the first landing in Kalaupa, a coastal area of the King of Tobo—Tobo, while Simalui and Sitamanajo landed in Walalogusi. At the time of the first landing, Sipanjonga raised the flag of his Kingdom in a place not far from Kalampa, a sign of his greatness. This hill was later famous as Lelemangura. With the existence of the Sijawangkai Dungkusangia peace, the Tob...

BPS used the name Buket Tribe for this ethnic group in the 2000 population census. The ancestors of the Pitap Dayak people originally lived in the Tanah Hidup area, which is the border area between the Balangan and Kotabaru districts. Tanah Hidup is a sacred land area believed to be the area of ​​origin of their ancestors. Furthermore, based on the 1993 sub-district decree, Ajung village was merged into Iyam. The mythology of the Meratus Dayak tribe / Bukit Dayak tribe states that the Banjar & Bukit tribes are descendants of 2 brothers, namely Si Ayuh alias Datung Ayuh alias Dayuhan alias Sandayuhan who gave birth to the Bukit tribe and Bambang Siwara alias Bambang Basiwara who gave birth to the Banjar tribe. In the folk prose story in the Meratus Dayak language, it is intended to be revealed that the ancestor of the Banjar people named Bambang Basiwara was the younger brother of the ancestor of the Meratus Dayak people named Sandayuhan. In accordance with his status as the ancesto...

M Nasroen was the first person to pioneer the study of ethnic philosophy in the 60s through his book Falsafah Minangkabau. Then Sunoto conducted a survey of Javanese ethnic philosophy. The main sources of ethnic philosophy are mythology, legends, folklore, the way an ethnic group builds its houses & holds its ceremonies, the literature they produce, and the epics they write, all of which underlie the building of the ethnic philosophy. Talking about human philosophy in the context of the Archipelago also means talking about the ethnic philosophy embraced by all members of a tribe. However, not all ancestors of tribes in Indonesia passed down their philosophy in the form of books or writing because they did not yet have a script / written language/writing system. The Berawa tribe passed down its philosophy through spoken media, stories, and mythology, which was told to its tribe members. This study aims to obtain answers to the formulation of the problem proposed above, with the hope...

The concentration of settlements of the Rongga tribe, generally living in East Flores & East Manggarai districts. The belief system during the Perundagian period still continued the previous period, namely animism & dynamism. The discovery of prehistoric sites proves that the ancestors of Indonesian people have long believed in animist beliefs, namely the worship of spirits in certain objects other than living creatures. In the archipelago, before the arrival of religion from the outside, the people still adhered to old beliefs, namely animism & dynamism. Animism is the belief that everything on earth, both living and dead, has a spirit and must be respected so that it does not disturb humans. Evidence of animism & dynamism beliefs can be seen from the remains of local cultural beliefs of people who believe in the worship of ancestral spirits and supernatural objects. Buildings left by adherents of animism & dynamism are often referred to as original buildings of pa...

This province consists of several islands, including the island of Timor. In Ainaro district, there are Mount Tatamailau & Usululi. Members of parliament are elected for a term of 5 years. After the Carnation Revolution, the Portuguese colonial government granted concessions to the Oceanic Exploration Corporation for development & exploitation. However, this failed to happen due to the Seroja operation in 1976. In 1990 it was known that the population was around 3000 people. In November 2007, there were 11 sub-districts where food needs had to be supplied by international aid. A French anthropologist named Brigitte Clamagirand once lived in a Marobo tribe settlement. Most Timorese also retain some traditional animist beliefs & customs from pre-colonial times. Timor Leste's traditional beliefs have certain elements of animism. Usually, they say that maromak comes first & then matebian, spirits of ancestors and relatives who have died / klamar. The souls of the ancest...

In a discussion about Lamaholot culture held by the Lamaholot community in Kupang recently, there was an answer from the resource person to a question from the discussion participants that made a deep impression on us. The story is about a boy who catches bass in a lake in a New Hampshire town. The 11-year-old boy managed to catch a large bass at exactly 10pm, 2 hours before the bass fishing season started. This province consists of several islands, including Solor Island. Lamaholot is an ethnic group that inhabits the East Flores & Lembata districts in East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia. They also live side by side with other ethnic groups, such as the Kedang & Sikka tribes, as well as migrant communities such as the Bugis, Makassar, Buton & Bajo. About the origin of the Lamaholot people, there is an oral history that says that they came from Keroko Pukeng / Lepan Batang, a small island to the north of Pantar Island which is now included in the Alor district. Meanwhile, the ori...

Like people in other areas, some Sumbawa people still adhere to animism & some adhere to Hinduism. Before Islam came to Sumbawa, the people on the island first adhered to an animism & dynamism belief system, namely belief in the spirits of ancestors who had died. However, after Islamic teachings entered Sumbawa, the animist belief system & Hindu-Buddhist beliefs slowly began to disappear. Apart from Sunan Prapen, Sunan Giri also sent one of his students named Sheikh Zainal Abidin, son of Kolono Marhum, the first King of Ternate to convert to Islam. After Kolono Marhum died in 1486, his position was replaced by his son, Sultan Zainal Abidin. It was only during the reign of the last King of the Awan Kuning dynasty, namely Dewa Maja Purwa, that records were found about the activities of the Kingdom's government, including that Dewa Maja Purwa had signed an agreement with the Kingdom of Gowa in Sulawesi. 1637 Mas Goa was succeeded by his sister's son, Mas Bantan. After ...

Before the adoption of Hinduism, Buddhism, Confucianism, and Islam in general, the indigenous people of the archipelago believed in invisible spiritual power entities which could be in the form of good or bad energy. Ancient indigenous people also believed that deceased ancestors did not really disappear from the world, but rather that ancestral spirits could metamorphose & gain spiritual powers like Gods and remain involved in the worldly affairs of their descendants. That is why worship & reverence to honor ancestors is an important element in the belief system of indigenous ethnic groups in Indonesia, including the Kangean tribe. Not a few people on Kangean Island today still believe in the teachings of their ancestors. The Kangean community, who are fanatical about the teachings of their ancestors, causes obstacles in Muhammadiyah's preaching. According to various references, it is recorded that Muhammadiyah was founded by KH Ahmad Dahlan on 8 Dzulhijjah 1330 H, which c...

Before Islam came to Indonesia, especially on the island of Java, the Indonesian people already knew & practiced a belief, namely the worship of ancestral spirits. This civilization was rooted in its own cultural sources & then the influence of Hindu Buddhist culture was absorbed into it. Then in the 8th – 10th century AD, there was the Mataram Kingdom with its temples in Dieng, Borobudur, Mendut, Prambanan, etc. Traditional symbols were originally the cultural heritage of Hinduism & Buddhism which contain mystical meanings and interpretations as belief rites deeply rooted in the teachings of animism & dynamism. After the 10th century AD, changes in cultural symbols from traditions inherited from the Hindu Buddhist tradition underwent changes & shifted to traditional symbols with the aroma and color of Islamic teachings. The cultural richness found in Madura is built from various cultural elements including the influence of animism, Hinduism & Islam. The arrival...

The original religion of the Tengger people was a mixture of Majapahit-era Hindu-Buddhist religion with some elements of ancestor worship, different from the Hindu Dharma religion of Bali. What is clear is that the ancestors of the Tengger tribe were recognized as fleeing the Majapahit Kingdom which collapsed after being attacked by Demak. The philosophical & ritualistic traditions of Tengger's ancestors do have differences from mainstream Buddhism in general. Until the 90s, guidance was carried out by the government & authorized institutions, so mainstream Buddhist traditions merged with Tengger's ancestral teachings. The villagers then embraced Buddhism. Mistono, Head of the Paramita Ngadas Vihara, explained that the existence of Buddhists can be traced back to the founding of Ngadas village in 1774 by a group of Buddhist ancestors. According to him, the teachings of these ancestors, even though they are labeled Buddha, are more traditional in nature, and have been pr...

The Osing tribe / usually pronounced Javanese Osing are native residents of Banyuwangi / also known as Laros / Wong Blambangan are the majority population in several sub-districts in Banyuwangi Regency. There is also a small group in Srono, Cluring, Gambiran & Genteng Districts. Of the various sub-districts, the sub-district where the population still strongly adheres to distinctive customs & culture as one tribe is Kemiren village in the Glagah sub-district. They speak Osing with each other, whereas in public domains such as government, education, counseling, politics, etc., Indonesian is used more dominantly as a means of communication. They are descendants of the Majapahit Kingdom who believe in Hinduism & Buddhism. During the Dutch colonial period, they displayed their tenacity against VOC domination. The Osing people have a puputan tradition, just like the Balinese people. This tradition sparked a major war called Puputan Bayu in 1771 AD. Now most of the people are Mus...