Religion Realm

The population of North Kalimantan is very heterogeneous and divided into various ethnic groups, such as the indigenous people of Kalimantan and the largest immigrant group, the Bajau tribe. The Bajau / Sama tribe is an ethnic group whose homeland is the Sulu archipelago in the southern Philippines. The Bajau tribe has spread to the land of Sabah and various regions of Indonesia for hundreds of years.

The Dayak Bulusu tribe is one of the Dayak sub-tribes in North Kalimantan. According to oral literature passed down from generation to generation, the Dayak Bulusu tribe originates from Dagas Sebengawang, a place upstream in Malinau Regency, precisely in Gong Solok. This tribe is one of the minority tribes living on the island of Kalimantan, precisely in North Kalimantan.  According to oral tradition, this tribe is the Maalau Sesat people, who fled to the jungle around Air Hitam, Bukit 12 National Park. By the end of the 18th century, most of the local population identified themselves not based on their ancestral ethnicity, but as a separate group of people, whose name was adopted from the name of the bay and the largest settlement established on the coast. Since the mid-20th century, the population of the ethnic group has experienced a rapid population decline & remained around 800 people at the beginning of the 21st century.  This is done by mixing people from different ethnic gr

In the Sipitang region of Sabah, the Sabahan Lun Bawang and Lundayeh tribes celebrate their harvest festival every two years during the GATA festival. Traditional dances and costumes are exhibited together with people from other Indigenous tribes in the region, such as the Kedayan tribe. The Kedayan / Kadayan tribe is one of the 7 original ethnic groups of Brunei. The Kedayan tribe is one of the nations that live in Miri. The Kedayans in Labuan are not coastal and tend to live in inland areas. Initially, the ancestors of this traditional community came from a village called Pinapalan. The traditional clothing worn by the Kedayan people is black with red edges. This color is a strong influence from the traditional clothing vendors of Ponorogo, who are the ancestors of the Kedayan tribe. Small Java is what is most likely the island of Java today. In fact, some people say that the Kedayan tribe comes from Kutai. Based on the language theory where there are many diverse languages ​​is like

Indonesia, which consists of tens of thousands of islands and hundreds of ethnic groups, is a country with the highest heterogeneity on earth, and it has a cultural diversity that reflects the extraordinary wealth of the nation. These beliefs can be in the form of beliefs in God Almighty, beliefs in Gods, spirits, ancestors, supernatural objects, magical powers, etc. In addition, until now they still maintain noble values ​​and carry out the traditions inherited from their ancestors, one of which is a ritual related to their lives. According to I Made Suarsana, belief is a system of human behavior to achieve a certain purpose by relying on the will and power of creatures such as spirits, Gods, etc. They believe that the universe is a place for good and evil spirits to live, which can influence human life. They believe their ancestors are still present in this world and can provide assistance and guidance in everyday life. They believe that every event and activity must begin with praye

M Nasroen was the first person to pioneer the study of ethnic philosophy in the 60s through his book Falsafah Minangkabau. Then Sunoto conducted a survey of Javanese ethnic philosophy. The main sources of ethnic philosophy are mythology, legends, folklore, the way an ethnic group builds its houses & holds its ceremonies, the literature they produce, and the epics they write, all of which underlie the building of the ethnic philosophy. Talking about human philosophy in the context of the Archipelago also means talking about the ethnic philosophy embraced by all members of a tribe. However, not all ancestors of tribes in Indonesia passed down their philosophy in the form of books or writing because they did not yet have a script / written language/writing system. The Berawa tribe passed down its philosophy through spoken media, stories, and mythology, which was told to its tribe members. This study aims to obtain answers to the formulation of the problem proposed above, with the hope

Another theory suggests that the Apo Duat people were once the original inhabitants of Brunei but were pushed upstream to the highlands by invading tribes such as the Iban tribe. The word Iban comes from the original Iban language meaning human / person. They traditionally live in longhouses called Panjabi/betting houses in West Kalimantan. According to classical Iban literature, the Iban tribe originated from Batang Lupar, Sarawak with the name Tembawai 1. MtDNA results on the Iban found that the Iban had the highest Hapgroup Z level of 11% in South Asia. Around the end of the Paleolithic era, they witnessed early beliefs in early human culture. The beginning of ancient human civilization already had its own form of religion recognized as animism. According to Taylor, etymologically, animism comes from Latin which means soul, spirit & life. In his book Primitive Culture, he said that in human beliefs there are 3 stages of religious evolution, the oldest is animist beliefs, namely

Another theory suggests that the Apo Duat people were originally the natives of Brunei, but were pushed upstream to the highlands by invading tribes such as the Kayan. The Kayan are a Dayak tribe from the Apokayan / Orang Ulu group originating from the upper reaches of the Baram River, Sarawak, Malaysia. During Henry Keppel's expedition to Borneo, he noted that the Lun Bawang tribe were the inhabitants of the interior of Borneo & the Murut and Dayak people had given place to the Kayan people whenever they came into contact with each other. They are known for their rich culture, distinctive traditions, and long history of preserving their ancestral heritage. Carving is an important part of their cultural heritage, with motifs reflecting mythology, spiritual beliefs, and daily life. The Kayan Dayak people adhere to a strong animist belief system, which emphasizes the harmonious relationship between humans and the universe. They believe that the spirits of their ancestors are stil

According to Tom Harrisson and S Runciman, the Lun Bawang community was one of the early settlers in Sarawak's mountainous areas and was related to the Kelabit tribe. However, now there is a permanent road route from Miri to Bario. During World War II, the Kelabih tribe, like other native people of Kalimantan, collaborated with the Allies against the Japanese. After World War II, the Kelabit tribe was visited by Christian missionaries from the evangelical congregation of Borneo. The Lun Bawang tribe was very enthusiastic in school & in 1940, around 95% of the Lun Bawang and Kelabit tribes under the age of 20 in Lawas Damit were literate. The people of the Lun Bawangs & Kelabit tribe are royal descendants from the house of Bolkiah because they use titles such as Dayang, sultan, Agong, and pengiran, names used by their ancestors in the past.

It is estimated that there are more than 1,340 ethnic groups in the country. Orang Ulu is a political ethnic term created for around 27 tiny but ethnically diverse ethnic groups in Sarawak, with a population ranging from under 300 to more than 25,000. This ethnic group uses the North Borneo language group. Orang Ulu gave birth to other tribes, one example is the Anak Dalam tribe on the island of Sumatra. They mostly live in Jambi, with a population of around 200 thousand people. They often refer to themselves as jungle people who live in the forests of Bukit 12 National Park & ​​Bukit 30 National Park in Bungo, Tebo, Sarolangun, and Batanghari districts. According to the oral tradition, the ancestors of this tribe came from Maalau Sesat. All of these animist beliefs are more conservative. For the Lun Bawang community, Alan Beltcher & Madge Hill, Australians are very popular. They settled with the Lun Bawang community in Long Semadoh A village & translated the Christian Bibl

The Paser / Dayak Paser tribe is an ethnic group whose ancestral homeland is along the southeast of the island of Kalimantan / Borneo / located in the southern part of East Kalimantan, Indonesia. The Paser tribe has an ancient civilization, even in the mythological story the Paser tribe is one of the oldest ethnic groups on the island of Kalimantan / Borneo & they call the bansu tatau datai danum civilization which means humans who live on the coast, rivers and lakes from the bansu tatau datai danum civilization. Petong after marrying Abu Mansyur Indra Jaya, Princess Petong gave birth to her first child, Aji Mas Nata Pangeran Berlindung bin Abu Mansyur Indra Jaya a year later. The son of the young king Aji Pangeran Tumenggung Bayabaya was then inaugurated as King Kutai Kartanegara V replacing King Kutai Kertanegara IV Aji Raja Mandarsyah. At that time the palace of the Banjar Sultanate had been moved from Pemakuan to the Batang Banyu area because previously in 1612 the Kuin Palace

In fact, several genetic studies in modern times indicate that the ancestors of the Malagasy ethnic group in the western region of Madagascar and several other ethnic groups in eastern Africa are descendants of the Dayak diaspora who came from the Banjar area in southern Kalimantan. Experts divide the form of primitive beliefs into several parts, namely, dynamism, animism, fetishism, and totemism. Animism is a belief that assumes that everything in nature has a soul. Animism is a belief system based on various spirits/souls and spirits around human habitation. The term animism means the belief that everything that exists must be alive. For example, trees, valleys, mountains, rivers, hills, the moon, and animals all have inhabitants. In the above case regarding animism, animism is a belief in spirits that are not visible to humans with the naked eye. Awareness and belief of society in the existence of supernatural powers/spirits that exist in objects, so that these objects are used as a

There is a version that states that the term Dayak is not a tribal name in the past because the term Dayak is a name given by the Dutch which was used by the Dutch colonialists to insult the community. So the term Dayak itself does not actually come from the ancestors of the Kalimantan people themselves. There is an oral tradition in each Kutai community family that says that their ancestors came from China, similar to the oral tradition of the Dayak Kenyah community. After the influx of people from Yunnan, there was a mixing of people due to marriage. However, then they were called haloq by the Dayak tribe / native tribe of Tanah Kutai because they came out of the customs / culture / beliefs of their ancestors. That is why the native Kutai tribe will call the Dayak tribe with the term densanak tuha which means older brother because they are still 1 ancestor. They inhabit the Sangkulirang sub-district. The history of this tribe began with Puncan Karna, the youngest son of Aji Tulur Jej

This tribe originated from bamboo and eggs, which turned into two humans, who were then named Jau Iru and Lemlaisuri. When they grew up, the two of them married and had a child named Jau Anyi. Paran Anyi did not have a son but had a daughter named Lahai Bara, who later married a man named Wan Paren, who succeeded him in his position. From the marriage of Lahai Bara & Wan Paren, a son named Si Barau and a daughter named Simun Luwan were born. It was in the upper reaches of Long Peleban village that Lahai Bara's coffin was buried. Simun Luwan's departure was caused by a dispute with her own brother, at that time it was the beginning of the movement of the Kayan tribe, leaving their ancestral place of origin on the Payang River to the Kayan River & settling not far from the city of Tanjung Selor, the current capital of Bulungan district. Simun Luwan married Sadang, and a daughter, Asung Luwan, was born from their marriage. During Sadang's rule, the Kenyah tribe from Sa

Based on the 2010 BPS census, there are at least 1,340 ethnic groups in Indonesia. Meanwhile, Poline Bala, who studies changes in the Kelabit community in Sarawak, has also focused on the community itself as an agent of change. Murut Keningau, called Murut Nabai, occupies the Keningau flat land area & Murut Timugon occupies the Tenom flat land area. Murut Bookan lives in the Dalit River valley area on the Sook border. Murut Tengara inhabits the upper reaches of the Kinabatangan River, expanding to the west across the upper reaches of the Kuamut River. In the past, the Dayak people adhered to animism. The Murut Tahol people adhere to animist beliefs. This article will discuss the efforts of the Murut Tahol community to maintain their cultural practices even though their religious beliefs have changed from animism to Christianity. In 1937, missionaries from BEM came to them with the conversion intention but their efforts failed. The Murut Paluan community in Sabah, especially in Naba

The population of North Kalimantan is very heterogeneous and divided into various ethnic groups, such as the indigenous people of Kalimantan, namely the Dayak Kenyah tribe. The Kenyah tribe is 2.4% of the population of West Kutai. Some others moved downstream towards Tanjung Palas. In addition, there is also tana ulen, which is claimed as the common property of all Kenyah tribes. This is the area where the ancestors of the Kenyah people first settled before the division and migration and where all Kenyah tribes have stopped on their way to new settlement areas. The areas recognized as common property include the Iwan and Kayan Iut rivers. The languages ​​used are Kenyah Kelinyau, Kenyah Wahau, Indonesian & Malay. Almost all of them work as field farmers located in areas around settlements, especially in areas along the Seturan River. It is said that the ancestors of the Kenyah people came from Yunan province in South China and participated in large-scale migration between 3000 and

One theory states that Apo Duat is a shared ancestral homeland that has expanded to coastal areas. However, attacks by Muslim raiders may have occurred in the 17th century. The journey to the village can be done using 4-wheeled or 2-wheeled land transportation, and it takes approximately 30 minutes. Not only that, when we arrived at the village square of Sapi Island, we were also greeted by a fairly large crocodile statue. One of the Dayak Lundayeh cultural activists, Samarinda, East Kalimantan, Steven explained, that the crocodile is one of the identities of Lundayeh. While telu is meat/fish that is marinated with salt & stored in bamboo for over a month. Bandar and suburban students differ in terms of socio-economic and ethnic cultural diversity. Before the 1920s, the Lun Bawang tribe was mostly animist. Before religion entered the Mentarang and Krayan areas in North Kalimantan, the Dayak Lundayeh people were animists. As with other ethnic groups, Dayak Lundayeh also has traditio

Based on the map of the Dutch East Indies in 1878, the border position was much further north than the North Kalimantan—Sabah border today because it included all the villages of the Tidung tribe in the Tawau region. Tidung speakers, especially Tarakan Tidung, are bilingual. They speak Tidung but can also speak Indonesian. This language can also be interacted with throughout the archipelago. The Malinaw subdialect is generally found in the upstream area of ​​the Sesayap River, including the Malinau & Tideng Pale districts. For writing purposes, they used Malay Arabic letters before they knew Latin letters like they do now. The Tidung tribe adheres to animist beliefs and lives by farming and fishing in the sea. The Tidung people adopted Islam around the 18th century. It is said that the Sultan of Sulu, Sultan Salahuddin Karamat / Pangiran Bakhtiar, married a Chinese girl from the Tirun area. So from the blood descendants of this Tidung princess, there was a son named Datu Bantilan &