Makassar's Patuntung

Indonesia is a country that shows the diversity of geographical conditions and lifestyles and the nature of a multi-ethnic society. One of the riches and attractions of the Indonesian archipelago is its cultural diversity. In that year, the Portuguese landed and visited to meet the King of Gowa.

From East Asia such as China, the Moors from North Africa & Yemen from the Middle East. This kingdom also faced a terrible war with the Dutch until its fall due to the Dutch pitting against the conquered Kingdom. Several central figures of Gowa who refused to surrender such as Karaeng Galesong, Bontomarannu, Karunrung, Sultan Harun al Rasyid Raja Tallo & Daeng Mangalle migrated to Java.

This village later gave birth to the Karaeng Aji generation named Tun Abdul Razak & Najib Razak as PM of Malaysia. In the land of Pagoda Thailand in 1686 by Daeng Mangalle with the name Makkasan in the heart of Bangkok's capital. With the enactment of Law No. 22 of 1999 which mandates regional and village autonomy, villages are given as widely as possible to regulate and manage villages, including expanding the region.

With the existing legal basis and the results of deliberations by the entire community at that time, the original Kawinda & Sori Kuwu hamlets changed their status to the definitive Sangga village, namely in 2012. One of the figures in the 19th century who understood this was Agus Com. This belief is closely related to the old tradition that has been carried out from generation to generation, namely in the form of animism and dynamism beliefs.

Previous research is a study of the results of research studies that are relevant to problems related to animism and dynamism. The main element in animism is spirit. The concept of understanding spirits by primitive people is different from the understanding of modern people.

The image of the manifestation of immaterial spirits cannot be imagined by primitive people, spirits are formed from very subtle elements, have form, and age, and can eat and drink. This is the basis for the existence of offerings in the form of food served by primitive people as a form of respect for spirits. In its development, animism is believed to be the beginning of the formation of primitive religion, which contains the basic elements of a religion, namely faith/belief.

The validity of animism as a religion is still being debated. The theory of animism was first put forward by EB Tylor, a British anthropologist who also studied ethnography & archeology. According to him, animism is a symbol of a soul/spirit from several living creatures & other living objects.

Tylor revealed that there are 4 stages of the process that animism goes through to be recognized as a primitive religion. The soul/spirit can leave humans, either temporarily / forever, namely when humans are sleeping, fainting / unconscious & when humans die. The combination of life & creatures finally reaches a concept that can be described as a soul/spirit which is a ghost/demon that at certain times can suddenly appear in certain people.

Tradition is the spirit of a culture. Your tradition is based on the inductive paradigm of ancestral tradition. On the other hand, if the inductive paradigm of ancestral tradition is still dominant, then your tradition survives as a local spiritual culture. The spirits of ancestors, various Gods, and Goddesses & a single God live side by side with humans.

The continuous accompaniment of events, came to the understanding that the cause of the phenomenon was the awakening human spirit. The spirit lives around them in an immaterial/bodily form. To calm the angry spirit that causes natural problems, several sacrificial efforts were tried in order to please the evil spirit.

One of the common ways used to communicate with the spirit is by giving a reward in the form of offerings. However, humans understand that the disaster event subsided & disappeared because of the impact of giving offerings that pleased the spirits of their ancestors. Until the spirit was understood to be repaying the intake given by humans by preventing humans from natural disasters.

More or less this is the beginning of the animist belief that is reviewed in several literatures. To trace the existence of ancestral spirits, primitive humans associated them with unusual/strange objects around them. Humans at that time believed that the strange objects were inhabited by ancestral spirits because the objects were different in shape but of the same type.

A large tree, for example, is believed to be the place where a mighty spirit resides. Because it is inhabited by a spirit, this tree is large and looks strange in general. First, is the fetheism phase where there is animism and dynamism as just reviewed above.

people died, but the spirit of the living human being itself lives in a different realm. Similar to the spirits of primitive human ancestors, the spirits of modern humans are not in physical form but can be felt.

When they want to communicate with ancestral spirits, of course, primitive humans provide offerings. In primitive society, ancestral spirits are believed to reside in strange objects such as the big tree. So a bed partner for those who are single & become a third spirit for people who are married.

If the theological stage of human animism & dynamism seeks a grip on supernatural powers in objects, then now it is the same. Animism is one of the primitive religions that believes in the existence of spirits / metaphysical beings. It is also known that animism & dynamism are the initial phases in primitive beliefs that believe in the existence of spirits / metaphysical beings.

This behavior requires the worship of ancestral spirits. This belief is based on the phenomenon where tanuana / spirits can leave the body. With tanuana which is in form outside, someone can place the spirit in another physical part.

The chanting of the voice has the intention of expressing happiness over the achievement of the corpse that will meet the spirits of the ancestors. The position of the spirit is between heaven and earth. Based on the description of the phenomenon above, it can be concluded that pre-Islamic society was very close to the view of animism.

Animism is a belief in the existence of spirits that still exist after leaving the body. This understanding should be a direct consequence of animist beliefs. The existence of magical powers/spirits in an object has an impact on success / can be a disaster for humans.

Belief in the existence of ancestral spirits is expressed through worship of graves and certain places & objects that are considered to contain the potential for supernatural powers. Sometimes humans feel the spirit leaving their bodies. However, there is a suspicion that the belief in spirits began with human efforts to commemorate the death of ancestors & express it through.

The traditional ceremony is related to their old belief system which is animistic & dynamic. The word dynamism comes from the Greek word dynamis / dynaomos which means strength/energy. To explore the modern dynamism belief, the question is where the spirit of modern humans resides.

In addition to animism, the pre-Islamic Bugis Makassar community also used the dynamism ideology. The dynamism ideology is part of the evolution of community beliefs that see that all material objects are possessed by spirits. Patuntung is a religion/belief in the worship of natural forces & ancestral spirits that is adhered to by the traditional Makassar community.

In the South Sulawesi community itself, belief in spirits / metaphysical beings has been around for a long time. In principle, the overall cosmological view of ancestors is similar in the South Sulawesi region. If initially it was the worship of ancestral spirits, then it was slowly replaced by a ceremony to commemorate the day of death at a certain time.

The term tanauana / tinuwu for example in the Toraja community is a representation of the spirit/soul. In the beliefs of the Makassar tribe, there is a view that the spirit of a person who has died has not been able to reach the afterlife on the 40th day. The tribe believes that the ritual can be a vehicle for the spirit to reach heaven.

Likewise, with Rahmawati, she often visits Karebosi field and even makes time to jog every Sunday. Makassar people have several traditional ceremonies that they inherited from their ancestors. Animism & dynamism beliefs are also held by the Bima community, before the entry and spread of Islam in the Bima district, animism & dynamism beliefs already existed and became an original belief.

The meaning of makamba is light that radiates. Based on the explanation above, it can be concluded that what is meant by animism is the belief in spirits / supernatural powers that live behind objects & can be realized with several rituals such as bringing offerings in places that are considered sacred, performing prayer, and donation ceremonies. We can be directly involved in asking about the makakamba makakimbi / animism & dynamism beliefs with several sources in Simpasai village, Lambu district, and Bima district considering that the tradition/belief still exists today and we often witness & follow it.

Animism behavior was very common in the South Sulawesi community before the arrival of Islam. Islam is motivated by preaching & your tradition is motivated by preserving ancestral traditions. For example, 22andar in Aceh is required to wear the hijab.

In addition, the tradition of pilgrimage to graves which already has a basis in Islamic law is also a medium for diverting the tradition of worshiping ancestral spirits into a tradition of desecrating ancestral spirits. In this modern era, the theological stage has not disappeared according to the father of sociology from France. The animist beliefs of modern society can be seen from the discovery of modern human spirits wandering in online features.

It is the same as humans today if they want to communicate with modern human spirits. So in modern society, modern human spirits are claimed to be in intelligent objects such as gadgets, computers & other electronic goods. With such beliefs, modern humans serve them, as primitive people serve the big tree as a representation of ancestral spirits.

The spirits of modern society that live through online features are always stalking humans. As our proposition, modern spirits exceed the surveillance of ancestral spirits in primitive societies.